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THE CIVIL WAR
1861 -1865
What is in a Name???
OTHER NAMES FOR THE CIVIL WAR:
War between the States, War against Northern
Aggression,
2nd American Revolution, The Lost Cause, War of
Rebellion,
The Brothers War, Blue vs. Gray, North vs. South
STRATEGIES
For the South: (Gray, Rebels, Confederates)
1. Fight a defensive war
2. Take Washington D.C . (If possible)
For the North: (Blue, Yankees, Union)
1. Block-aid around the South
2. Split Confederacy in half
3. Control the Mississippi River
4. Seize control of the railroads
5. Take Richmond
1861
 1 Major Battle: July 21, 1861
 1st Bull Run or 1st Manassas
The Generals: Irvin McDowell vs. P.G.T. Beauregard
Northern Plan: Take Richmond, BUT first take important
railroad junction at Manassas
Results of 1st Bull Run:
Beginning: very successful for the North, until they run
into Thomas Jackson (Stonewall).
South gets reinforcements and counter-attacks…
North retreats back to Washington D.C.
VICTORY FOR THE: SOUTH
Casualties: North = 2,708
South = 1,982
Lincoln prepares for full scale war…
Names new General: George McClellan
Raises an army of over 100,000 men
Interesting Facts: Jackson receives nickname (Stonewall)
Rebel Yell, South calls battle “Great Skiddattle”
1862
McClellan Prepares:
Develops an army of 130,000 & drill, drill, drill until
Lincoln orders him into action…
THE PLAN: TAKE RICHMOND!!!
HOW???
1ST: Transfer Army by boat to the Virginia Peninsula
& march army up the peninsula towards Richmond
2nd: Have McDowell come down from Fredericksburg
and attack Richmond
3rd : Navy sail down James River to help protect flank
4th: Hold Confederate Army at Manassas
McClellan’s Plan
Battle of the Monitor vs. Merrimack
 Peninsula campaign begins with most famous Naval battle
When: March 9, 1862
Where: Hampton Roads
Battle lasted 4 ½ hours… No Winner!!!
Results of the Battle of the Monitor & Merrimack (Virginia)
1. Marked the birth of steel navies… (ironclads)
2. Had the South won, they would of controlled the
Chesapeake Bay and sailed to Washington D.C.
3. The stalemate allowed McClellan to put his
Peninsula Plan into effect!!!
Let the fighting begin:
McClellan & 121,500 men vs. Johnston & 60,000 men
From March to May McClellan moves army 9 miles from
Richmond…
Battle of 7 Pines: Johnston attacks McClellan
Results: (After 2 days of hard fighting)
For the South…NOTHING
except, General Johnston gets
wounded and Robert E. Lee takes over the Confederate Army
THE SOUTHERN COUNTER-ATTACK
McClellan waits for better conditions & extends his flank
to unite with Gen. McDowell (40,000 men)
Lee sees an opportunity…
His main man is Stonewall Jackson
The hero of the Shenandoah Valley…
The 7 days Campaign:
Lee sends Jeb Stuart to attack McClellan’s front line, as He
and Jackson attack McClellan’s flank at Mechanicville.
McClellan goes into full retreat…and goes back to D.C.!!!
Results: 1. Huge victory for the South
2. Casualties: North = 15, 849 South = 20,614
3. Lincoln replaces McClellan with John Pope
2ND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
AUGUST 28 & 29, 1862
Pope’s plan will be to take Richmond!!!
Major problem…cannot find Confederate Army…
Pope embarrassed by Jeb Stuart (takes his coat & $35,000)
Pope attacks Jackson on the old Bull Run battle field not knowing
that Gen. Longstreet was waiting with reinforcements.
COMPLETE DISASTER FOR POPE!!!
Results: Pope retreats back to D.C.
North loses 25,000 men South loses 9,000
Lincoln replace Pope with McClellan
Another Southern Victory!!!!
John Pope
James Longstreet
Jeb Stuart
Stonewall Jackson
2ND BATTLE OF BULL RUN
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
Robert E. Lee plans an invasion North
Reason: to influence France & England to recognize
the Confederacy & send aid…
Goal: to capture Harrisburg, PA (key Railroad
station…)
The Plan: Send Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry (weapons) & Lee
will take his army North into Maryland
Problem: Confederate messenger loses a copy of Lee’s battle plan…
and a Northern soldiers finds it and gives to Gen. McClellan
However…McClellan waits 18 hours before he attacks
On September 17th 1862 McClellan’s 84,000 men attacks Lee’s 35,000
at Antietam Creek near the town of Sharpsburg…
This will be the bloodiest single day of the war… over 25,000 will die
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
THREE BATTLES IN ONE
1: 6:00 am – Hooker vs. Jackson
Battle at Dunker Church & Corn Field
Back & Forth 18 times… Hood sent in for
a counter-attack. By 10:00 am, fighting
over South holds it position…
2. Center of Lee’s line. North tries 5 times
to take Sunken Road (Bloody Lane)
Gen John B. Gordon refuses to retreat..
As Confederate line is ready to collapse,
McClellan orders the attack to STOP…
3. Gen. Burnside will attack the Confederate
right, at the bridge. 12,500 vs. 400. After 3 hours
& 3 charges the North cross the bridge & head
towards Sharpsburg. Victory looked certain!!!
BUT… A.P. Hill brings reinforcements & drives
Gen. Burnside back across the bridge because
McClellan refuses to send him more men!!!
BATTLE OVER…NO GROUND GAINED
RESULTS OF THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM
1. Lee waits next day for counterattack from McClellan, never
happens… Lee is allowed to go back into Virginia.
2. Lincoln upset with McClellan, Replaces him
with Gen. Ambrose Burnside
3. Lee’s invasion North is stopped.
4. Lincoln will call it a victory and issue the
EMANICPATION PROCLAMATION!!! This new law grants
freedom to all slaves who live in the Confederacy. The new
law will take affect on Jan. 1, 1863…
5. This new law will change the War… Instead of a war over
State Rights it now becomes a War over SLAVERY… And this
will keep France and England out of the War!!!
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
Burnside’s Plan…Take Richmond!!!???
1. Go swiftly to Fredericksburg
2. From Fredericksburg, go straight to Richmond
KEY: Surprise and Quickness!!!
PROBLEM: Cannot cross the Rappahannock River… “No Boats”
Delays plan 17 days… Element of surprise GONE!!!
Lee brings army outside Fredericksburg and takes the high-ground
Burnside decides to attack… December 13, 1862
BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
DECEMBER 13, 1862
Burnside will try 14 times to take Maryes Heights…Fails every time!
A complete disaster for the Union Army.
Lee said, “It is well that war is so terrible, or we should
grow to found of it…”
RESULTS OF THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG
Casualties: North = 12,563
South = 5,309
Another victory for the South
Lincoln will replace Burnside with Joe Hooker
By the end of 1862, things are
going bad for the North in the
East…However in the West,
the North is having success!!!
1st at the Battle of Shiloh and then
the taking of New Orleans!!!
BATTLE OF SHILOH
Albert Sidney Johnston was given the job of holding on to
the West for the South… Very difficult job, only 48,000 men!
Hero of the west will be U. S. Grant…
He takes Fort Henry & Fort Donnellson.
Grant gets the nickname: “Unconditional Surrender” Grant
Grant will force Johnston to fall back into Mississippi…
THE BATTLE OF SHILOH
APRIL 6 & 7, 1862
Gen. Johnston receives
reinforcements and will
attack Grants army…
The worst fighting will be
at the center of the line, at
a place called the “Hornets
Nest” …
General Johnston dies
in the battle and will be
replaced by General
P.G.T. Beauregard.
BATTLE OF SHILOH
APRIL 6 & 7 1862
The Confederate Army,
continues to drive the
Union Army back…
Confederate Army breaks
through Union front line,
BUT cannot finish the job,
because of darkness…
Beauregard says he will
finish the job tomorrow!
During the night, General
Buell will arrive with
reinforcements. Giving
Grant 70,000 men to
Beauregard’s 30,000.
BATTLE OF SHILOH
APRIL 6 & 7 1862
The next morning,
Grant will counterattack and drive the
South back into
Mississippi…
Huge victory for the North.
Casualties: North = 13,000
South = 10, 694
General Grant will say that
the War will now have to be
a War of Conquest!!!
Shiloh means “Place of Peace”
THE TAKING OF NEW ORLEANS
One of the Unions greatest successes, will be the capture of the
city of New Orleans, by Admiral David Farragut in April of 1862.
The Union Army under General Benjamin Butler will put
New Orleans under military control…
THIS GIVES THE UNION ARMY CONTROL OF THE
SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI RIVER
David Farragut
Benjamin Butler
THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE: May 2-4, 1863
HOOKER VS LEE
Hookers Plan: Hold Lee at Fredericksburg,
cross the Rappahannock River, attack the
Confederate flanks and ram their way into
Richmond!!!
Lee not fooled…takes the biggest gamble of
his career, splits his army (already out
numbered 2 to 1) and goes to the Wilderness
and stops Hookers advance.
Hooker goes on the defensive…Lee will split
his army again and send Jackson around to
attack Hookers flank.
Jackson will surprise the Union Army, But
darkness stops Jackson from completely
defeating the Union Army.
During the night, Jackson rides out to inspect
the battle field and plan the next day attack,
when he is shot by his own men!!! He will die
7 days later. He will be replaced by Jeb Stuart
THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE: May 2-4, 1863
HOOKER VS LEE
Next day Lee continues his attack,
forces Hooker to fall back.
May 4, 1863…Hooker takes his army
back to Washington D.C. in defeat!!!
RESULTS OF THE BATTLES OF
CHANCELLORSVILLE & THE WILDERNESS
The battle was fought under terrible conditions. Soldiers got lost in the thick maze
of trees, and many fires started during the course of the battle. Many wounded
men were burned alive.
Lee, despite being outnumbered by a ratio of about five to two, won arguably his
greatest victory of the war. But he paid a terrible price for it. With only 52,000
infantry engaged, he suffered 12,764 casualties, losing some 25 percent of his
force—men that the Confederacy, with its limited manpower, could not replace.
Just as seriously, Lee lost several top generals, most notably Jackson, his most
aggressive field commander. The loss of Jackson would force Lee to reorganize his
army before a second thrust into Union territory, where he would come to realize
that his army's fighting capacities had been forever altered.
Hooker, who began the campaign believing he had "80 chances in 100 to be
successful," lost the battle through miscommunications, the incompetence of some
of his leading generals and through some serious errors of his own. Hooker
responded, "For the first time, I lost faith in Hooker.”
Of the 90,000 Union men who bore the brunt of the fighting, just over 17,000 fell in
battle, a casualty rate much lower than Lee's.
The Union was shocked by the defeat. President Abraham Lincoln was quoted as
saying, "My God! My God! What will the country say?" Hooker was relieved of
command on June 28, just before the Battle of Gettysburg..
With Grant threatening to take Vicksburg…Lee plans an invasion North!!!
THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
JULY 1-3, 1863
VS.
LEE: 65,000 MEN
MEADE: 85,000 MEN
THE BIGGEST BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR STARTED OVER SHOES!!!
The South came in from the North & the North came in from the South.
General Lee was not sure where the North was… Jeb Stuart could not
be found…both Army’s looking for a good defensive position…
The battle of Gettysburg will be
the turning point of the War
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG: DAY 1, JULY 1, 1863
2 Calvary units will
meet in Gettysburg,
All the Army’s in the
surrounding area
now converge on the
small little town of
GETTYSBURG
By the end of the day,
the North took a good
defensive position…
The South takes an
encircling position…
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG: DAY 2: JULY 2, 1863
General Lee orders the South
to attack…
Main area: Little Round Top…
From that position, the South
could destroy the North with
cannon fire!!!
Heavy fighting all day at: Peach
Orchard, Devils Den, the Wheatfield,
Valley of Death, Slaughter Pen, and
Little Round Top…
The North barely hold on… The
hero for the North who saved
Little Round Top was:
Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain.
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG: DAY 3: JULY 3, 1863
After 2 NEAR victories… Lee
wants a victory bad
Lee first orders an attack at
Culp’s Hill… Then Lee will send
three divisions (15,000) men right
at the center of Meade’s line
The most famous attack will be
Pickett’s Charge…
A huge failure and a very
costly mistake for the South…
This is General Lee’s biggest mistake
and will be the TURNING POINT of
the Civil War…
General G. Pickett
RESULTS OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG
Casualties: North = 28,000 South = 23,000
General Meade will not attack the next day (July 4th) and will allow
General Lee to go back into Virginia…
Lee is so upset about the lose, he offers Jefferson Davis his
resignation… Davis refuses it
The South will never invade the North again!!!
In November of 1863… A national cemetery will be dedicated at
Gettysburg… the key note speaker will be Edward Everett…
Then Abraham Lincoln will say a few words:
MORE BAD NEWS FOR THE SOUTH
On July 4th, 1863… General Pemberton will surrender
VICKSBURG
to General Grant after a 48 day siege!!!
The North now controls the entire Mississippi River
Also in 1863: September – November
Union General William Rosecrans will lose to General Braxton Bragg
with the help of General Longstreet at the Battle of Chickamauga…
George Thomas (Rock of Chickamauga) saves the North from complete
disaster… Rosecrans retreats to Chattanooga… General Grant Arrives
and takes charge and brilliantly wins major victories at Lookout Mt. and
Missionary Ridge…
The road to the Heart of the South is open…
Atlanta is the next target for the North
1864
There is no real end in sight for the war. And, as
William Tecumseh Sherman says:
“the worst of the war is not yet begun”
It is now LEE VS GRANT
President Lincoln now has placed U.S. Grant in charge of the entire Union Army
Grant plans a four-pronged attack on the South…
1. Sherman will attack Atlanta
2. Sigel will advance up the Shenandoah Valley
3. Meade (Grant) will head south towards Richmond
4. Butler will work his way up the James River
1864: LET THE FIGHTING BEGIN: LEE VS GRANT
Grant & Lee will first meet at the Wilderness: May 5, 1864
The battle will last two days, in many ways the most terrible
battle of the war… Grant loses over 17,000 men
Instead of retreating, Grant gives orders to continue
towards Richmond… Now the war will wage non-stop
for 30 days…
Lee will cut him off and fight him at Spotsylvania… Battle will
last 11 days. Worst fighting at a place called “Bloody Angle”.
Grant will lose over 18,000 men. The battle is a stalemate, BUT
Grant will continue towards Richmond!!!
Lee & Grant will fight continuously as Grant flanking maneuvers force
Lee south towards Richmond. At the Battle of Cold Harbor, Grant
makes his worst mistake, sending 7,000 troops to be slaughtered.
In one month, Grant loses over 50,000 men. But Grant tricks Lee and
makes to Petersburg, (just south of Richmond) The siege of Petersburg
begins – It will last ten months!!!
1864: The Shenandoah Valley
General Lee will try to pull General Grant away from Petersburg
Franz Sigel will lose to General Breckinridge… So Grant will
send in David Hunter who will have some success… until Lee
sends in General Jubal Early who will drive Hunter out of the
Valley….
General Early will get close to Washington DC, (Lincoln will go
to the battle field) Grant has to send reinforcements to protect
the capital…
General Early will retreat back into Virginia…Grant will send
Hunter back into the Valley, He hesitates, So Grant will replace
him with General Philip Sheridan…
It is General Sheridan who will drive General Early out of the Valley…
Sheridan will then completely destroy the Shenandoah Valley…
THE BREADBASKET OF THE SOUTH IS GONE!!!
THE TAKING OF ATLANTA
General Grant will now place William T. Sherman in charge of
the Western Armies…
Sherman said the South had to be brought to its knees…
His Plan: destroy everything… Break the Sothern's will to fight!!!
Sherman said: “War is Hell”
1864: The taking of Atlanta
May 1864, Sherman leaves Chattanooga with 112,000 men.
Joseph E. Johnston (defensive genius) has 60,000 men to try to stop him.
By July, Johnston has been driven back to Atlanta where his
army is dug-in… Johnston will be replaced by John B Hood,
Who will go on the offensive against Sherman
After 2 major offensives by Hood, The South has done nothing
but lose men and gain nothing!!!
One more try by General Hood in August also fails…
September 1, Sherman takes Atlanta
General Johnston
General Sherman
General Hood
Because of the successes of Grant, Sherman, & Sheridan
Abe Lincoln defeats George McClellan
In the election of 1864
" With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the
right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work
we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall
have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all
which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among
ourselves, and with all nations.” (A. Lincoln 2nd Inaugural Address)
SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA
After completely destroying
Atlanta, Sherman heads for
Savannah on November 16th…
With 60,000 men and no real
opposition, Sherman will cut a
path 40 to 60 miles wide from
Atlanta to Savannah destroying
everything in his way…
Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
Becomes the most brutal
episode of the Civil War!!!
On December 22, 1864
Sherman gives Savannah to
Lincoln as a Christmas present
1865…THE END IS NEAR
By the spring the siege on Petersburg is working…
The Confederate Army is shrinking daily
General Sheridan has destroyed most of General Early’s army
And now will join Grant at Petersburg…
April 1st Grant will deliver the final blow on Petersburg
and will destroy the Confederate line…
General Lee will leave Petersburg and Richmond
Grant now will occupy the Confederate Capital
General Lee will escape with what is left of his army and try to
unite with what is left out west.
APRIL 1865…THE END
April 5… Sheridan’s Army cuts off General Lee’s path
8,000 Confederates surrender
The remainder of Lee’s forces keep moving…
Endure a 2 painful battles.
On the night of April 8th , Lee realizes that all escape
routes are blocked… Ask for a meeting with Grant
On Sunday, April 9, at 2:00, Grant & Lee will meet at
Wilmer McLean’s house at his Appomattox Farm House
Grant will give generous terms that includes Lee’s soldiers keep their horses.
Official surrender ceremony will occur April 12, 1865
28,000 Confederate Soldiers lay down their guns & battle flags!!
1865… The End in the West
Sherman will now resume his destruction of the South
Sherman will now march through the Carolina’s
General Joseph Johnston cannot stop him after several tries!!
On April 26, 1865…
Johnston will surrender to Sherman!!!
At the Bennett House near Durham, North Carolina
THE WAR IS OVER
RESULTS: 620,000 DIED
HOWEVER…ONE LAST TRAGEDY…
THE ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN
APRIL 14, 1865
WHERE: FORD’S THEATER…To see the play “Our American Cousin”
President Lincoln, his wife, Miss Clara Harris & Major Henry Rathbone
WHO: John Wilkes Booth
THE PLAN: To kill the President, Vice President Johnson,
and Sec. of State William Steward
THE HELPERS: Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Harold
and Mary Surratt
THE LINCOLN ASSASSINATION
After shooting Lincoln,
Booth escapes into Maryland.
THE HUNT IS ON!!
Lincoln will remain unconscious for 9 hours at the Peterson house.
At 7:22 am April 15, 1865… President Abraham Lincoln Dies
“Now He belongs to the Ages”
John Wilkes Booth will be
hunted down and will be
shot & killed in Northern
Virginia on April 26, 1865
Eight others implicated in Lincoln's assassination were tried by a military
tribunal in Washington, D.C., and found guilty on June 30, 1865. Mary Surratt,
Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were hanged in the Old
Arsenal Penitentiary on July 7, 1865.
Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was borne
from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of
Springfield, Illinois by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries and Lincoln's
eldest son Robert Todd.
The remains of his son, William Wallace Lincoln, were also placed on the train,
which left Washington, D.C., on April 21, 1865 and traveled 1,654 miles to
Springfield, arriving on May 3, 1865. Several stops were made along the way, in
which Lincoln's body lay in state. The train retraced the route Lincoln had
traveled to Washington as the president-elect on his way to his first
inauguration, and millions of Americans viewed the train along the route.
Lincoln's wife Mary Todd Lincoln remained at the White House because she was
too distraught to make the trip; she returned to Illinois about one month later.
Lincoln’s Tomb
Lincoln Monument
EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON CIVILIAN LIFE
Political Change:
Succession led to Republican majority in Congress
Radicals = immediate abolition of slavery
Moderates = economic opportunities for whites
Copperheads = (Dem.) wanted peace
Civil Liberties:
Lincoln suspends Habeaus Corpus
13,000 people arrested on suspension
many went to jail without a trial
The Draft:
1st conscription act: all men 20 to 45
However could find substitute or pay $300
Economic Change
Financing the War:
Cost 2.6 Billion… Where do the get the money???
Bonds
Raising of the Tariff
Excise Tax
Income Tax
Issue Paper Money (inflation)
Modernizing Northern Society:
Laws passed to create economic growth
Merrill Tariff: helps USA businesses
Homestead Act: promoted settlement of West
Merrill Land Grant: help support new colleges
Pacific Railway Act: build transcontinental RR
Social Change:
Woman at Work:
1. nursing now open to woman
2. promotes woman’s rights… voting!!!
End of Slavery:
13th Amendment = No Slavery
4 million slaves are now FREE
The Civil War destroyed slavery & devastated Southern economy.
It also transformed America into a complex modern society of:
Capital
Technology
National Organization
Large Corporations