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THE CIVIL WAR 1861 -1865 What is in a Name??? OTHER NAMES FOR THE CIVIL WAR: War between the States, War against Northern Aggression, 2nd American Revolution, The Lost Cause, War of Rebellion, The Brothers War, Blue vs. Gray, North vs. South STRATEGIES For the South: (Gray, Rebels, Confederates) 1. Fight a defensive war 2. Take Washington D.C . (If possible) For the North: (Blue, Yankees, Union) 1. Block-aid around the South 2. Split Confederacy in half 3. Control the Mississippi River 4. Seize control of the railroads 5. Take Richmond 1861 1 Major Battle: July 21, 1861 1st Bull Run or 1st Manassas The Generals: Irvin McDowell vs. P.G.T. Beauregard Northern Plan: Take Richmond, BUT first take important railroad junction at Manassas Results of 1st Bull Run: Beginning: very successful for the North, until they run into Thomas Jackson (Stonewall). South gets reinforcements and counter-attacks… North retreats back to Washington D.C. VICTORY FOR THE: SOUTH Casualties: North = 2,708 South = 1,982 Lincoln prepares for full scale war… Names new General: George McClellan Raises an army of over 100,000 men Interesting Facts: Jackson receives nickname (Stonewall) Rebel Yell, South calls battle “Great Skiddattle” 1862 McClellan Prepares: Develops an army of 130,000 & drill, drill, drill until Lincoln orders him into action… THE PLAN: TAKE RICHMOND!!! HOW??? 1ST: Transfer Army by boat to the Virginia Peninsula & march army up the peninsula towards Richmond 2nd: Have McDowell come down from Fredericksburg and attack Richmond 3rd : Navy sail down James River to help protect flank 4th: Hold Confederate Army at Manassas McClellan’s Plan Battle of the Monitor vs. Merrimack Peninsula campaign begins with most famous Naval battle When: March 9, 1862 Where: Hampton Roads Battle lasted 4 ½ hours… No Winner!!! Results of the Battle of the Monitor & Merrimack (Virginia) 1. Marked the birth of steel navies… (ironclads) 2. Had the South won, they would of controlled the Chesapeake Bay and sailed to Washington D.C. 3. The stalemate allowed McClellan to put his Peninsula Plan into effect!!! Let the fighting begin: McClellan & 121,500 men vs. Johnston & 60,000 men From March to May McClellan moves army 9 miles from Richmond… Battle of 7 Pines: Johnston attacks McClellan Results: (After 2 days of hard fighting) For the South…NOTHING except, General Johnston gets wounded and Robert E. Lee takes over the Confederate Army THE SOUTHERN COUNTER-ATTACK McClellan waits for better conditions & extends his flank to unite with Gen. McDowell (40,000 men) Lee sees an opportunity… His main man is Stonewall Jackson The hero of the Shenandoah Valley… The 7 days Campaign: Lee sends Jeb Stuart to attack McClellan’s front line, as He and Jackson attack McClellan’s flank at Mechanicville. McClellan goes into full retreat…and goes back to D.C.!!! Results: 1. Huge victory for the South 2. Casualties: North = 15, 849 South = 20,614 3. Lincoln replaces McClellan with John Pope 2ND BATTLE OF BULL RUN AUGUST 28 & 29, 1862 Pope’s plan will be to take Richmond!!! Major problem…cannot find Confederate Army… Pope embarrassed by Jeb Stuart (takes his coat & $35,000) Pope attacks Jackson on the old Bull Run battle field not knowing that Gen. Longstreet was waiting with reinforcements. COMPLETE DISASTER FOR POPE!!! Results: Pope retreats back to D.C. North loses 25,000 men South loses 9,000 Lincoln replace Pope with McClellan Another Southern Victory!!!! John Pope James Longstreet Jeb Stuart Stonewall Jackson 2ND BATTLE OF BULL RUN BATTLE OF ANTIETAM Robert E. Lee plans an invasion North Reason: to influence France & England to recognize the Confederacy & send aid… Goal: to capture Harrisburg, PA (key Railroad station…) The Plan: Send Jackson to capture Harpers Ferry (weapons) & Lee will take his army North into Maryland Problem: Confederate messenger loses a copy of Lee’s battle plan… and a Northern soldiers finds it and gives to Gen. McClellan However…McClellan waits 18 hours before he attacks On September 17th 1862 McClellan’s 84,000 men attacks Lee’s 35,000 at Antietam Creek near the town of Sharpsburg… This will be the bloodiest single day of the war… over 25,000 will die BATTLE OF ANTIETAM THREE BATTLES IN ONE 1: 6:00 am – Hooker vs. Jackson Battle at Dunker Church & Corn Field Back & Forth 18 times… Hood sent in for a counter-attack. By 10:00 am, fighting over South holds it position… 2. Center of Lee’s line. North tries 5 times to take Sunken Road (Bloody Lane) Gen John B. Gordon refuses to retreat.. As Confederate line is ready to collapse, McClellan orders the attack to STOP… 3. Gen. Burnside will attack the Confederate right, at the bridge. 12,500 vs. 400. After 3 hours & 3 charges the North cross the bridge & head towards Sharpsburg. Victory looked certain!!! BUT… A.P. Hill brings reinforcements & drives Gen. Burnside back across the bridge because McClellan refuses to send him more men!!! BATTLE OVER…NO GROUND GAINED RESULTS OF THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM 1. Lee waits next day for counterattack from McClellan, never happens… Lee is allowed to go back into Virginia. 2. Lincoln upset with McClellan, Replaces him with Gen. Ambrose Burnside 3. Lee’s invasion North is stopped. 4. Lincoln will call it a victory and issue the EMANICPATION PROCLAMATION!!! This new law grants freedom to all slaves who live in the Confederacy. The new law will take affect on Jan. 1, 1863… 5. This new law will change the War… Instead of a war over State Rights it now becomes a War over SLAVERY… And this will keep France and England out of the War!!! BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG Burnside’s Plan…Take Richmond!!!??? 1. Go swiftly to Fredericksburg 2. From Fredericksburg, go straight to Richmond KEY: Surprise and Quickness!!! PROBLEM: Cannot cross the Rappahannock River… “No Boats” Delays plan 17 days… Element of surprise GONE!!! Lee brings army outside Fredericksburg and takes the high-ground Burnside decides to attack… December 13, 1862 BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG DECEMBER 13, 1862 Burnside will try 14 times to take Maryes Heights…Fails every time! A complete disaster for the Union Army. Lee said, “It is well that war is so terrible, or we should grow to found of it…” RESULTS OF THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG Casualties: North = 12,563 South = 5,309 Another victory for the South Lincoln will replace Burnside with Joe Hooker By the end of 1862, things are going bad for the North in the East…However in the West, the North is having success!!! 1st at the Battle of Shiloh and then the taking of New Orleans!!! BATTLE OF SHILOH Albert Sidney Johnston was given the job of holding on to the West for the South… Very difficult job, only 48,000 men! Hero of the west will be U. S. Grant… He takes Fort Henry & Fort Donnellson. Grant gets the nickname: “Unconditional Surrender” Grant Grant will force Johnston to fall back into Mississippi… THE BATTLE OF SHILOH APRIL 6 & 7, 1862 Gen. Johnston receives reinforcements and will attack Grants army… The worst fighting will be at the center of the line, at a place called the “Hornets Nest” … General Johnston dies in the battle and will be replaced by General P.G.T. Beauregard. BATTLE OF SHILOH APRIL 6 & 7 1862 The Confederate Army, continues to drive the Union Army back… Confederate Army breaks through Union front line, BUT cannot finish the job, because of darkness… Beauregard says he will finish the job tomorrow! During the night, General Buell will arrive with reinforcements. Giving Grant 70,000 men to Beauregard’s 30,000. BATTLE OF SHILOH APRIL 6 & 7 1862 The next morning, Grant will counterattack and drive the South back into Mississippi… Huge victory for the North. Casualties: North = 13,000 South = 10, 694 General Grant will say that the War will now have to be a War of Conquest!!! Shiloh means “Place of Peace” THE TAKING OF NEW ORLEANS One of the Unions greatest successes, will be the capture of the city of New Orleans, by Admiral David Farragut in April of 1862. The Union Army under General Benjamin Butler will put New Orleans under military control… THIS GIVES THE UNION ARMY CONTROL OF THE SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI RIVER David Farragut Benjamin Butler THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE: May 2-4, 1863 HOOKER VS LEE Hookers Plan: Hold Lee at Fredericksburg, cross the Rappahannock River, attack the Confederate flanks and ram their way into Richmond!!! Lee not fooled…takes the biggest gamble of his career, splits his army (already out numbered 2 to 1) and goes to the Wilderness and stops Hookers advance. Hooker goes on the defensive…Lee will split his army again and send Jackson around to attack Hookers flank. Jackson will surprise the Union Army, But darkness stops Jackson from completely defeating the Union Army. During the night, Jackson rides out to inspect the battle field and plan the next day attack, when he is shot by his own men!!! He will die 7 days later. He will be replaced by Jeb Stuart THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSVILLE: May 2-4, 1863 HOOKER VS LEE Next day Lee continues his attack, forces Hooker to fall back. May 4, 1863…Hooker takes his army back to Washington D.C. in defeat!!! RESULTS OF THE BATTLES OF CHANCELLORSVILLE & THE WILDERNESS The battle was fought under terrible conditions. Soldiers got lost in the thick maze of trees, and many fires started during the course of the battle. Many wounded men were burned alive. Lee, despite being outnumbered by a ratio of about five to two, won arguably his greatest victory of the war. But he paid a terrible price for it. With only 52,000 infantry engaged, he suffered 12,764 casualties, losing some 25 percent of his force—men that the Confederacy, with its limited manpower, could not replace. Just as seriously, Lee lost several top generals, most notably Jackson, his most aggressive field commander. The loss of Jackson would force Lee to reorganize his army before a second thrust into Union territory, where he would come to realize that his army's fighting capacities had been forever altered. Hooker, who began the campaign believing he had "80 chances in 100 to be successful," lost the battle through miscommunications, the incompetence of some of his leading generals and through some serious errors of his own. Hooker responded, "For the first time, I lost faith in Hooker.” Of the 90,000 Union men who bore the brunt of the fighting, just over 17,000 fell in battle, a casualty rate much lower than Lee's. The Union was shocked by the defeat. President Abraham Lincoln was quoted as saying, "My God! My God! What will the country say?" Hooker was relieved of command on June 28, just before the Battle of Gettysburg.. With Grant threatening to take Vicksburg…Lee plans an invasion North!!! THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG JULY 1-3, 1863 VS. LEE: 65,000 MEN MEADE: 85,000 MEN THE BIGGEST BATTLE OF THE CIVIL WAR STARTED OVER SHOES!!! The South came in from the North & the North came in from the South. General Lee was not sure where the North was… Jeb Stuart could not be found…both Army’s looking for a good defensive position… The battle of Gettysburg will be the turning point of the War BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG: DAY 1, JULY 1, 1863 2 Calvary units will meet in Gettysburg, All the Army’s in the surrounding area now converge on the small little town of GETTYSBURG By the end of the day, the North took a good defensive position… The South takes an encircling position… BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG: DAY 2: JULY 2, 1863 General Lee orders the South to attack… Main area: Little Round Top… From that position, the South could destroy the North with cannon fire!!! Heavy fighting all day at: Peach Orchard, Devils Den, the Wheatfield, Valley of Death, Slaughter Pen, and Little Round Top… The North barely hold on… The hero for the North who saved Little Round Top was: Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain. BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG: DAY 3: JULY 3, 1863 After 2 NEAR victories… Lee wants a victory bad Lee first orders an attack at Culp’s Hill… Then Lee will send three divisions (15,000) men right at the center of Meade’s line The most famous attack will be Pickett’s Charge… A huge failure and a very costly mistake for the South… This is General Lee’s biggest mistake and will be the TURNING POINT of the Civil War… General G. Pickett RESULTS OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Casualties: North = 28,000 South = 23,000 General Meade will not attack the next day (July 4th) and will allow General Lee to go back into Virginia… Lee is so upset about the lose, he offers Jefferson Davis his resignation… Davis refuses it The South will never invade the North again!!! In November of 1863… A national cemetery will be dedicated at Gettysburg… the key note speaker will be Edward Everett… Then Abraham Lincoln will say a few words: MORE BAD NEWS FOR THE SOUTH On July 4th, 1863… General Pemberton will surrender VICKSBURG to General Grant after a 48 day siege!!! The North now controls the entire Mississippi River Also in 1863: September – November Union General William Rosecrans will lose to General Braxton Bragg with the help of General Longstreet at the Battle of Chickamauga… George Thomas (Rock of Chickamauga) saves the North from complete disaster… Rosecrans retreats to Chattanooga… General Grant Arrives and takes charge and brilliantly wins major victories at Lookout Mt. and Missionary Ridge… The road to the Heart of the South is open… Atlanta is the next target for the North 1864 There is no real end in sight for the war. And, as William Tecumseh Sherman says: “the worst of the war is not yet begun” It is now LEE VS GRANT President Lincoln now has placed U.S. Grant in charge of the entire Union Army Grant plans a four-pronged attack on the South… 1. Sherman will attack Atlanta 2. Sigel will advance up the Shenandoah Valley 3. Meade (Grant) will head south towards Richmond 4. Butler will work his way up the James River 1864: LET THE FIGHTING BEGIN: LEE VS GRANT Grant & Lee will first meet at the Wilderness: May 5, 1864 The battle will last two days, in many ways the most terrible battle of the war… Grant loses over 17,000 men Instead of retreating, Grant gives orders to continue towards Richmond… Now the war will wage non-stop for 30 days… Lee will cut him off and fight him at Spotsylvania… Battle will last 11 days. Worst fighting at a place called “Bloody Angle”. Grant will lose over 18,000 men. The battle is a stalemate, BUT Grant will continue towards Richmond!!! Lee & Grant will fight continuously as Grant flanking maneuvers force Lee south towards Richmond. At the Battle of Cold Harbor, Grant makes his worst mistake, sending 7,000 troops to be slaughtered. In one month, Grant loses over 50,000 men. But Grant tricks Lee and makes to Petersburg, (just south of Richmond) The siege of Petersburg begins – It will last ten months!!! 1864: The Shenandoah Valley General Lee will try to pull General Grant away from Petersburg Franz Sigel will lose to General Breckinridge… So Grant will send in David Hunter who will have some success… until Lee sends in General Jubal Early who will drive Hunter out of the Valley…. General Early will get close to Washington DC, (Lincoln will go to the battle field) Grant has to send reinforcements to protect the capital… General Early will retreat back into Virginia…Grant will send Hunter back into the Valley, He hesitates, So Grant will replace him with General Philip Sheridan… It is General Sheridan who will drive General Early out of the Valley… Sheridan will then completely destroy the Shenandoah Valley… THE BREADBASKET OF THE SOUTH IS GONE!!! THE TAKING OF ATLANTA General Grant will now place William T. Sherman in charge of the Western Armies… Sherman said the South had to be brought to its knees… His Plan: destroy everything… Break the Sothern's will to fight!!! Sherman said: “War is Hell” 1864: The taking of Atlanta May 1864, Sherman leaves Chattanooga with 112,000 men. Joseph E. Johnston (defensive genius) has 60,000 men to try to stop him. By July, Johnston has been driven back to Atlanta where his army is dug-in… Johnston will be replaced by John B Hood, Who will go on the offensive against Sherman After 2 major offensives by Hood, The South has done nothing but lose men and gain nothing!!! One more try by General Hood in August also fails… September 1, Sherman takes Atlanta General Johnston General Sherman General Hood Because of the successes of Grant, Sherman, & Sheridan Abe Lincoln defeats George McClellan In the election of 1864 " With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.” (A. Lincoln 2nd Inaugural Address) SHERMAN’S MARCH TO THE SEA After completely destroying Atlanta, Sherman heads for Savannah on November 16th… With 60,000 men and no real opposition, Sherman will cut a path 40 to 60 miles wide from Atlanta to Savannah destroying everything in his way… Sherman’s “March to the Sea” Becomes the most brutal episode of the Civil War!!! On December 22, 1864 Sherman gives Savannah to Lincoln as a Christmas present 1865…THE END IS NEAR By the spring the siege on Petersburg is working… The Confederate Army is shrinking daily General Sheridan has destroyed most of General Early’s army And now will join Grant at Petersburg… April 1st Grant will deliver the final blow on Petersburg and will destroy the Confederate line… General Lee will leave Petersburg and Richmond Grant now will occupy the Confederate Capital General Lee will escape with what is left of his army and try to unite with what is left out west. APRIL 1865…THE END April 5… Sheridan’s Army cuts off General Lee’s path 8,000 Confederates surrender The remainder of Lee’s forces keep moving… Endure a 2 painful battles. On the night of April 8th , Lee realizes that all escape routes are blocked… Ask for a meeting with Grant On Sunday, April 9, at 2:00, Grant & Lee will meet at Wilmer McLean’s house at his Appomattox Farm House Grant will give generous terms that includes Lee’s soldiers keep their horses. Official surrender ceremony will occur April 12, 1865 28,000 Confederate Soldiers lay down their guns & battle flags!! 1865… The End in the West Sherman will now resume his destruction of the South Sherman will now march through the Carolina’s General Joseph Johnston cannot stop him after several tries!! On April 26, 1865… Johnston will surrender to Sherman!!! At the Bennett House near Durham, North Carolina THE WAR IS OVER RESULTS: 620,000 DIED HOWEVER…ONE LAST TRAGEDY… THE ASSASSINATION OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN APRIL 14, 1865 WHERE: FORD’S THEATER…To see the play “Our American Cousin” President Lincoln, his wife, Miss Clara Harris & Major Henry Rathbone WHO: John Wilkes Booth THE PLAN: To kill the President, Vice President Johnson, and Sec. of State William Steward THE HELPERS: Lewis Paine, George Atzerodt, David Harold and Mary Surratt THE LINCOLN ASSASSINATION After shooting Lincoln, Booth escapes into Maryland. THE HUNT IS ON!! Lincoln will remain unconscious for 9 hours at the Peterson house. At 7:22 am April 15, 1865… President Abraham Lincoln Dies “Now He belongs to the Ages” John Wilkes Booth will be hunted down and will be shot & killed in Northern Virginia on April 26, 1865 Eight others implicated in Lincoln's assassination were tried by a military tribunal in Washington, D.C., and found guilty on June 30, 1865. Mary Surratt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and George Atzerodt were hanged in the Old Arsenal Penitentiary on July 7, 1865. Following his death by assassination, the body of Abraham Lincoln was borne from Washington, D.C. to its final resting place in Lincoln's hometown of Springfield, Illinois by funeral train, accompanied by dignitaries and Lincoln's eldest son Robert Todd. The remains of his son, William Wallace Lincoln, were also placed on the train, which left Washington, D.C., on April 21, 1865 and traveled 1,654 miles to Springfield, arriving on May 3, 1865. Several stops were made along the way, in which Lincoln's body lay in state. The train retraced the route Lincoln had traveled to Washington as the president-elect on his way to his first inauguration, and millions of Americans viewed the train along the route. Lincoln's wife Mary Todd Lincoln remained at the White House because she was too distraught to make the trip; she returned to Illinois about one month later. Lincoln’s Tomb Lincoln Monument EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON CIVILIAN LIFE Political Change: Succession led to Republican majority in Congress Radicals = immediate abolition of slavery Moderates = economic opportunities for whites Copperheads = (Dem.) wanted peace Civil Liberties: Lincoln suspends Habeaus Corpus 13,000 people arrested on suspension many went to jail without a trial The Draft: 1st conscription act: all men 20 to 45 However could find substitute or pay $300 Economic Change Financing the War: Cost 2.6 Billion… Where do the get the money??? Bonds Raising of the Tariff Excise Tax Income Tax Issue Paper Money (inflation) Modernizing Northern Society: Laws passed to create economic growth Merrill Tariff: helps USA businesses Homestead Act: promoted settlement of West Merrill Land Grant: help support new colleges Pacific Railway Act: build transcontinental RR Social Change: Woman at Work: 1. nursing now open to woman 2. promotes woman’s rights… voting!!! End of Slavery: 13th Amendment = No Slavery 4 million slaves are now FREE The Civil War destroyed slavery & devastated Southern economy. It also transformed America into a complex modern society of: Capital Technology National Organization Large Corporations