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motivation concepts motivation to the process that influences the direction ,persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior, the word is derived from the Latin term meaning (to move) and psychologists study the factors that move the people toward their goals ,whether getting food ,mating, success, other career achievement, or other non personal goal. Evolutionary psychologists proposed that many psychological motives have evolutionary expression through genes also do other environmental factors play a part ا ;Homeostasis and drive theory Maintaining homeostasis requires a sensory mechanism for detecting changes in the internal environment, a response system that can restore equilibrium and control center that receive information from the sensors and activates the response system, the control center act like a thermostat in cooling units. The drive is the state of internal tension that motivate an organism to behave in ways that reduce this tension, drives such as hunger and thirst arise from tissue deficits like food and water and provide a source of energy that pushes an organism into action, homeostatic models are applied to many aspects of motivation such as regulation of .hunger, thirst, body temperature ,weight and sleep Psychodynamic and humanistic ;theory The psychodynamic and humanistic approach view motivation within broad context of personality development and functioning while Freud psychoanalytic theory revealed the hidden part of motivation especially sexual and aggressive drives as they are usually disguised ,in addition Freud stated that the individuals have needs for self.esteem and relatedness to other people ;Hunger and weight regulation Eating and digestion supply the body with the fuel it need to function and survive, metabolism is the body's rate of energy utilization and about two third of the energy used for the basal metabolism ,several mechanisms attempt to keep the body in energy homeostasis by regulating food .intake hunger Feeling hungry or full does not totally depends on the levels of energy in the body as people think ,it is related to many other factors ,these factors will stimulate the hunger and satiety centers in the brain through what is called short term signals and long term signals. Usually people loose or gain weight because of disturbance in homeostatic processes but there is a kind of set up point where the body tends to keep the same weight even after .gaining weight so as to keep the new weight hunger Stomach contraction when it is empty is associated with the subjective feeling of hunger (hunger pain )which motivate the person to eat ,also fluctuation in the glucose levels in the body with the ingestion of food or fasting ,during eating satiety signals are sent to the brain by the stretching the walls of the stomach and intestine due to distention by food so the person will feel filled and stop eating, in addition to that, intestinal walls secret several hormones called peptides that help terminate the meals ,CCK(cholecystokinin) is one of the important peptides ,experiments on animals and human revealed that after injecting CCK into the blood stream will act in reducing the meal or terminating it .Also fat cells(leptin) play a role in food regulation by sending signals from the blood stream to the brain through neural pathways to decrease appetite and increase energy expenditure, but it does not affect the feelings of .satiety ;Psychological aspects of hunger Eating is positively reinforced by the good taste of food and negatively reinforced by huger reduction ,people have the expectation that eating will be pleasurable and this becomes an important motivator to seek and consume food, attitudes and habits motivate people to eat even when they are not hungry, for example social pressure of slimness as a sign of beauty and good health motivate people specially women to catch the cultural expectations of the ideal weight ,this phenomenon has been reinforced during the recent decades as the ideal body image has been changed to the slim figure rather than the full-bodied woman's figure which was esteemed before, this struggle for thinness has it draw back in western societies as excessive dieting and weight reduction methods increases the prevalence of Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa which are eating disorders characterized by distorted body image and relentless efforts to reduce weight ,and obese people especially women, tend to have lower self– . esteem Environmental and cultural ;factors Food availability is the most obvious environmental motivator for eating in poor countries where food is scare, either because of famine or war and armed conflicts or beyond the reach of the most of the people, obesity is a rare observation in contrast to rich countries with low-cost high calories food is available, obesity is a common observation. The smell and sight of food is associated with its taste by the mechanism of classical conditioning again cultural values interfere with acceptance and enjoying certain type of food by some people in certain culture and to be refused and considered disgusting by people living in .different culture Other environmental stimuli affect food intake, people who eat together tend to eat more amounts than people who eat alone ,may be because meals take longer time and get more pleasure in associating eating with social connection , in general people all over the world tend to choose familiar food .most of their times rather than going to unfamiliar food ;Sexual behavior and motivation psychological factors can not only trigger sexual arousal ,it can, also inhibit it ,the aroused person can be turned off by any adverse psychological stimulus coming from the partner, one of three women reported that they practice intercourse without real interest in sex, so the term sexual dysfunction refers to chronic, impaired sexual functioning that cause psychological distress of the person, it may results from injury, disease ,medical disorder or drug effect, the most common type is the erectile failure in men and about 10% and lack of vaginal lubrication in women about 20% . Cultural and environmental factors also effect the motivation, satisfaction and performance in sexual activity ,religions and cultural norms influence sexual behavior of people to a great deal ,in our Arab Muslim cultures premarital and extra marital sex is prohibited by the religious taboo so does any other public stimulus that triggers sexual desire in contrast to western cultures where adolescents start sexual practice at 16 as the legal age and sexual abstinence and virginity is considered as odd and rare. Many sexual stimulation come from a world wide industry of pornography like magazines, movies, nude dance clubs which , brings income in billions Biological factors Sex hormones in men and women like Androgen and Testosterone are necessary for stimulation and maintaining sexual desire, but there is an important role for psychological factors to play which is the effect on sexual arousal ,sexual arousal starts by sexual fantasies and can lead to orgasm after masturbation ,most men and women fantasize at least occasionally during sexual intercourse Religious and cultura factors Muslim cultures premarital and extra marital sex is prohibited by the religious taboo so does any other public stimulus that triggers sexual desire in contrast to western cultures where adolescents start sexual practice at 16 as the legal age and sexual abstinence and virginity is considered as odd and rare. Many sexual stimulation come from a world wide industry of pornography like magazines, movies, nude dance clubs which brings income in billions, many evidences showed that sexually explicit materials increase men's aggression toward women especially violent materials as it was associated with increase tendency to rape as it view that sex is non personal issue and its more .pleasurable if it is linked with violence ;Motivation for affiliation Motivation for affiliation identity and external support at times of stress .Psychologists revealed four causes that motivate people to affiliate to ;others to obtain positive stimulation-1 to receive emotional support-2 to gain attention-3 to permit social comparison-4 Social comparison involves comparing the beliefs, feelings and behavior with those of other people which help the person to determine compatibility with others social norms. People differ in how much they need to affiliate, people who have high sense of community (the feeling of being part of a larger collective) show high degree of need to affiliate, at the same time many factors affect tendency to affiliate among which at time of emergencies like disasters as people tend to affiliate to strangers who share the same circumstances Factors in affiliation proximity and exposure; every relationship-1 start with meeting and exposure, proximity increase the chance of frequent encounters .like repeated exposure to any stimulus similarity; like the proverb says; birds of a -2 feather flock together. Similarity in appearance, race, religion, beliefs seems to attract people to their alike, for psychological attributes, similarity of attitudes usually seems the strongest factor, on the other hand there is the phenomena of opposite attraction where people of extremely different characters may get attracted to each others by friendships .,social contact or even marriage Factors in affiliation physical attraction; men are attracted to nice looking-3 women more than women to be attracted to good looking men but in general people feel more interested in physical beauty which may be unfair discrimination to other who lack beauty. Although males and females are sometimes referred to as members of opposite sexes, there are many similarities in their sexual responses, men and women respond in similar fashion to erotic stimuli and engage in similar kinds of erotic fantasies. The sexual behavior of female mammals with estrous cycles depends on estradiol and progesterone ,but these hormones have only a minor effect on women's sexual behavior, their sexual desire like that of men is much more dependent on androgens. Testosterone has two major effects on male sexual behavior; . organizational and activation ;Motivation for achievements positively oriented motive for success and the second is the negatively oriented motive to avoid failure. People with strong need for achievement ,particularly those who score high on motivation for success and low on fear of failure ,are ambitious and persist longer after encountering difficulty than do people with low need for achievement, high need achievers tend to perform better in challenging situations rather than relaxed situations ,generally they are most likely to strive hard ;for success when they perceive themselves as personally responsible for the-1 outcome they feel some risk if not succeeding-2 there is an opportunity to receive performance feedback-3 It is the individual perception to the task uncertainty that counts the most, in addition to personality, family influence play a major role as Factors affecting motivation for achievement in addition to personality, family influence play a major role as supporting and encouraging parents reward achievement and do not punish failure during childhood while parents who punish failure seem to produce adults who fear failure and do not seek for high achievements. Cultural factors also effect the perception of the high achievers, the relation between cultural values and the achievement motivation is suggested by the correspondence between the amount of achievement imagery .and the future accomplishments Motivation in the work place is important drive for employees to strive for a better position or to work harder to meet the .demands of their leaders Cultural factors influence work motivation according to the general work atmosphere like in Japan ,there is a traditional pressure on employees to develop skills and increase ,productivity under rules of incentives and rewards Factors affecting motivation for achievement job satisfaction is commonly related to job productivity but it is not always related a worker can still be keen and productive despite his/her dissatisfaction with job, psychologists who are interested in enriching work motivation designed many strategies for job enhancement but basically it is about two items the first is the autonomy ;where the workers have some freedom to determine work procedures and schedules, second is the job feed back that provides clear feedback about .performance effectiveness