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LESSON 16
ISLAM AND CURRENT CHALLENGES
1.0 Introduction
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful.
Islam is a universal religion which was revealed by Allah SWT to entire mankind. Its
teachings suit the innate nature of human being. Thus, it is a religion of fitrah. It comes to serve
the needs of human beings. Therefore, its teachings are practical and applicable at all times and
places. However, as both world and mankind progressing, as mankind and the world become
more advanced, many Muslims today tend to forget and ignore its teachings. This is due to the
thinking that Islam hinders them from doing what they want and like. They are Muslims by birth or
by name only but in term of practicing Islam, they are far away from it and even in certain
circumstances, they do not practise Islam at all. Their lives just like non-Muslim. They become
Muslims because their parents are Muslims, not because of knowledge. Ignorance of the
teachings of Islam in life has caused many problems to mankind. Thus, in this lesson, we will
discuss some issues and challenges related to Muslim ummah. Among the issues are moral
decadence among Muslim teenagers, development and environment, science, technology and
ICT, globalization and the clash of civilization, misunderstanding towards Islam, unity of the
ummah as well as dialogue of civilization.
2.0 Learning Outcomes
By the end of lesson, the students should able to:
2.1
Discuss current issues that happen in Muslim society
2.2
Elaborate the causes and the effect of the issues
2.3
Explain possible solutions of the problem from Islamic perspectives
2.4
Elaborate on issue of misunderstanding of Islam
2.5
Explain issues on unity of ummah
2.6
Discuss the importance of dialogue of civilization
3.0 List of Topics
3.1 Moral Decadence Among Muslim Teenagers
3.2 Development and Environment
3.3 Science, Technology and ICT
3.4 Globalization and The Clash of Civilization
3.5 Misunderstanding Towards Islam
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3.6 Unity of The Ummah
3.7 Dialogue of Civilization
4.0 Terminologies
4.1 Moral decadence
A state of decay or a decline in morality
4.2 Globalization
A process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated
through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade
4.3 Hegemony
The predominant influence, as of a state, region, or group, over another or others
4.4 Liberalism
A political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the
individual and favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of
the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority.
4.5 Secularism
The view that religious teachings should be excluded from civil affairs or worldly affairs
4.6 Under-nourishment
Not having enough food to develop or function normally
4.7 Under-shelter
Not having a house to stay in
4.8 God-conscious
A constant realization of God’s divine presence
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5.0 Topics
5.1 Moral Decadence among Muslim Teenagers
5.1.1
Presentation
Look at the pictures above. Those pictures describe to us the moral decadence that
happens in most of the societies today, including Muslim society. It happens due to the
lack of religious knowledge and failure of Muslims to put the knowledge into practice in
their daily life. As a result, immoral behavior takes place such as vandalism, free sex,
abortion, homosexuality, HIV AIDS, drug abuse, apostasy, polytheistic practices, deviant
teachings, bribery, cruelty to animals, do not respect elder or old people, so forth.
Can you list down factors that contributed to moral decadence, its impacts and the ways
to overcome it? Let us look at the issue, one by one. There are too many factors but for
the purpose of our discussion, let us look at some factors of it.
FACTORS
There are too many factors but for the purpose of our discussion, let us look at
some factors of it.
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a) Lack of knowledge, iman and loss of faith in Allah SWT
Many Muslims do not know Islam in depth because they are not so
interested to learn Islamic teachings. They are more focus on worldly
knowledge. No wonder, many Muslim parents today willing to spend
hundreds of money monthly to send their children to tuition centers to
ensure that their children will score all ‘A” in Mathematic, Physics,
Chemistry, English and other worldly subjects. However, very little parents
who willing to spend money to send their children to learn in depth about
Islamic teaching. They are thinking that if their children learn religious
knowledge, it will be difficult for them to get a job after finishing studies.
When religious knowledge are not sought and learnt, their children will not
know Allah SWT, halal and haram and the purpose of their creation in this
world. As a result, they will do whatever they like; they just follow their
desires without the conscious that Allah SWT is watching; ignoring halal
and haram.
b) Influence of new values due to modernization and globalization
The values are imported from the West in which the values are
based on liberalism and secularism. Those values have no religious value
at all. Those values are transferred during the colonial era, Muslims who
weak in iman who study in Western countries as well as through media
which is controlled by the main enemy of Muslims i.e the Jews. In some
Muslims countries, the governments do not impose strict restrictions on
the entrance of outside values to the country. Therefore, we can see
many Western movies are imported to the countries in which the deviant
values are shown to Muslim viewers through the actors and actress such
as kissing scenes, sexy dressing, male and female staying together in a
house without marriage and many others. More unfortunately, some
Muslim film directors and actors imitate the same values. Thus, no wonder
in Muslim movies or dramas, there are scenes where male Muslim actors
and actress hugging each other and actress wear sexy dress.
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c) The attitude of parents in upbringing their children
Many parents give less attention to their children. They do not
concern who are their children’s friends, what they do, never question
their children if they come home late at night. The spirit of enjoining
goods and forbidding the evils (amar ma’ruf wal nahyu ‘anil munkar) is
not insisted in family. For examples, many parents do not care if their
daughters go out without covering aurah and the worse, the parents
encourage their daughters to wear sexy dress so that people will say that
their daughters are beautiful. Another example, parents do not care if
their sons daughters ride motorcycle with their girlfriends or boyfriends
and the worse, there nowadays parents who allow their daughters or son
bring home their boyfriends or girlfriends and stay in their rooms, with the
reason of doing revision on their study. These are among the examples
that we bring up for the purpose of our discussion.
d) Free mixing between male and female
Free mixing between opposite genders has become the main factor
which leads to growing number of sex-related crimes. Without religious
knowledge, not knowing that religion forbids such deed, added with
parents who do not care about the deed of their children, this problem
happens.
e) Influence of mass media
Mass media also contributes to the moral decadence, be it
electronic or printed media. Media nowadays, whether we aware or not,
has become the agent of transmitting the deviant Western culture to the
society. Just look at films, movies or dramas on television. Also, look at
entertainment magazines. Most of them cater to the people the values
which against Islamic teachings and values. Actors and actress hugging,
kissing, free mingling, staying together in a house before marriage,
wearing sexy dress that expose part of the body which is supposed to be
covered, scandal of actors and actress, the scene of doing zina, dancing
at night club, drinking liquor and many others. All of these have driven
the youngsters to try due to their curiosity to test new things.
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The most unfortunate, those things also found in Muslims films,
movies as well as dramas. The youngsters, off-course after looking at
the deeds of the actor and actress in the movies, want to try and feel
what have been shown in gthe movies. At the beginning, they just try,
may be holding hand as shown in the movies, then later they go beyond
that by committing zina. Those things above seem to be accepted and
have become a new norm in Muslim society today. Just look around you,
when you go out, how many Muslim girls and woman covering their
aurah as directed by Islam, how many girls and boys who are not
married holding hands or committing khalwah publicly at gardens or
hypermarket, how many we can see where mothers properly covering
aurah but daughters wearing very sexy dress, walking together on street.
Believe it or not, believe it!
IMPACTS
The moral decadence affects the society as a whole. To ease our discussion, let
us list down some of the impacts as follow:
a) When free sex is committed, it spreads HIV/AIDS disease.
b) Drug abuse has badly paralyzed the young generation.
c) Vandalism has caused a bid loss to public facilities and properties.
d) Free mixing between male and female and living together without
marriage, threaten the safety of family lineage as well as damages the
marriage institution. You just imagine, when adultery (zina) is committed,
how many illegitimate children will be born without parents. The couple,
who committed zina, in order to cover up their evil deeds, will commit
another major sin by aborting the baby or dump their babies everywhere,
as we see and hear almost every day in news. Then, unnecessary cost
has to incur by the government such as to build up a center to look after
the babies. The problem also will occur in the case of distributing
inheritance (fara’idh) later.
WAYS TO OVERCOME
Now, how to control and overcome the moral decadence problem? Actually, all
parties in the society have to play their roles in overcoming the problem. They
must work hand-in-hand to control and overcome the problem. Let us briefly
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discuss the roles of individual, parents, education institution, mass media as well
as government.
INDIVIDUAL
All individuals in the society must learn Islam in depth, be it leaders, parents
or children until they really know and understand what is right or wrong from
Islamic point of view. Then, the knowledge must be followed by practice in
their daily life. For instance, each woman must cover their aurah properly,
and each man must control sight from looking at forbidden things. Good
individuals will produce good families, good families will produce good
societies and finally good societies will produce good governments.
PARENTS
Parents are responsible on:
a) Giving children the Islamic education and ensure that all family members
practise the Islamic teachings.
b) Creating and maintaining Islamic and harmonious environment in the
family. Parents must always inculcate Islamic values in their children.
The spirit of enjoining goods and forbid the evils must be upheld in the
family.
c) Loving their children whole heartedly. When their children reach the age
if puberty (baligh), parents should be friend to their children and should
not treat them as the treatment given during their childhood.
d) Parents must know their children’s friends because friends (peers) also
play a very important role in shaping the behavior of the children. If the
friends are good, their children will be good and vice versa.
EDUCATION INSTITUTION
Education institution should be the second place for the development of
akhlaq of individuals. The institution must fulfill the components of Islamic
education i.e development of akhlaq, improvement of intellect ability, and
improvement of creativity and effort. The institution should have a close
relationship with parents and parents should give full authority as a ‘factory’
to produce good individual.
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MASS MEDIA
The media must not publish to the people things which against the religious
teachings and moral principle. Stories or news that contain immoral stories,
pictures, scenes or negative elements must not be published to the people.
GOVERNMENT
Government must play the roles below:
a) Provide complete education system with good and up-to-date facilities
and well-trained teachers
b) Provide job opportunities so that jobless people will not involve in
immoral activities
c) Ensure the smooth running of social institution such as family institution
and law institution.
d) Control mass media by regulating a strict policy on the production of
films, movies, dramas, pictures, news and so forth.
5.1.2
Activities
a) As being stated in the discussion above, there are many other factors that
contribute to the moral decadence. Apart from the factors that have been
mentioned above, think and list down a few more additional factors on this issue.
b) List down other ways that can be carried out by individuals, parents, mass media,
education institution, and government to overcome the moral decadence.
5.2. Development and Environment
5.2.1
Presentation
The Contemporary Development Syndrome
Most of Muslim countries which are mainly from the Third World are affected and
influenced by the western economic model. The exposure to the West model has
caused worse poverty situation and widen economic gap between the rich and the
poor. Economic development became the new god that forces the societies to
sacrifice their values, cultures, social norms, customs, religion, akhlaq and so forth.
The western way of life has become superior in the societies.
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In the western model of economy, over emphasis on capital has caused
distortion in price structure, exchanges rates, tax system, wage-scales, forms of
technology and what not. Equal economic distributions have been largely ignored
and as a result, social injustice has increased. The gap between the rich and the poor
nations is widening. The developing countries of the Third World are suffering from
inflation due to the monetary and trade policies of the developed countries of the
West. The record of the last 40 years is still disappointing. The problems of poverty,
underdevelopment and stagnation are continuing. Majority of people in the whole
world remains poor, under-nourishment, under-shelter, disease and illiteracy. All
these happen because the western economic model emphasizes merely on material
prosperity, not on the balanced prosperity between materials, spiritual and
environment. The model has ignored a happy balance between different aspects of
life and the development of an integrated personality in the individuals and a happy
balance in society.
Islamic Framework of Development
Islam is a progressive and dynamic religion. It does not anti development but
rather it promotes development. It was proven by the great achievements of Muslims
in developing their civilization in the past for the whole mankind and the contributions
of the Islamic civilization remain until today. However, Islam has its own approach to
the development. The development in Islamic framework is directed towards the
development of a God-conscious human being (muttaqin), a balanced personality
who are committed to and capable to be the witness of truth to mankind. The
development also is directed for the establishment of a society that is just, growing
and capable of meeting the real needs of man and the society without exploiting
others or trespassing their rights (Kurshid Ahmad, 2000).
Philosophically, Islamic approach to development is based on the following:
a) Tawhid: It lays down the rules of God-man and man-man relationship
b) Rububiyyah: This signifies that all the resources in the universe are
belonged to Allah SWT. Thus, man must use the resources according to the
Will of Allah SWT.
c) Khilafah: This refers to man’s roles as the vicegerent of Allah SWT on the
earth. It lays down man’s status, roles and responsibilities in this world.
d) Tazkiyyah: It refers to purification plus growth. The development in Islam
concerns about growth towards perfection through purification of attitude and
relationships. Aprophets in which they were sent to perform tazkiyah of man
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in his relationship with Allah SWT, man, the natural environment, with society
as well as the state. The outcome of tazkiyah is
al-falah (success) in this
world and the Hereafter.
From the above philosophy, we can derive from it the essential features of the
development in Islam as follows:
a) Comprehensive
The concept of development in Islam is comprehensive in nature and it
includes moral, spiritual and material developments. The moral and the
material, the economic and the sociopolitical, the spiritual and the physical
cannot be separated. Its target is the well-being of all human beings and not
of a few individuals. Moreover, the well-being is not only in this world but it is
extended to the well-being in the Hereafter. This dimension cannot be found
in the modern or cotemporary western model of development.
b) Man as the focal
Man is the heart and focus of the development. It means, the development in
Islam develops man’s attitudes, ambitions, behavior, lifestyle, his physical
and socio-cultural environment. Islam emphasizes on the use of full human
potential and maximum participation of the people at all levels of decisionmaking. Islam, therefore, insists that the centre of all activities in the
development is man whose well-being is also the real measure of success.
c) Optimal Utilization of Resources and Equitable Use and Distribution of
the Resources for the Promotion of Justice amongst all Human
Relationships
In this sense, the development process is mobilized and activated through
shukr and ‘adl. Any element of kufr and zulm must be avoided and removed.
Thus, activities and efforts in the development are directed towards
strengthening shukr and establishing ‘adl and at the same time, cleansing
society from kufr and zulm.
Goals of Development Policy
From the discussion above, we can derive some general goals development policy
from the Islamic point of view. Among the goals are:
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a) Development of Human Resources as the first objective
It includes:
(i)
the inculcation of correct attitudes and aspirations as well as a
spirit of self-sacrifice
(ii)
the development of good character and personality
(iii)
acquisition of skills needed in life and others
b) Expansion of useful production
Useful production must be continuously produced and sustained. However,
the aspect of halal and haram must not be ignored. Also, the priority of
production must be given
c) Improvement of the quality of life and not merely increase in per capita of
income. This should cover at least the following:
(i)
Moral uplift and better education
(ii)
Social cohesion along with maximum security for life, honour and
property
(iii)
Creation of employment
(iv)
Assuring all citizens can afford the basic necessities of life.
Zakah must be made as the nucleus of the effort to help the
needy who deserve the society’s help and assistances
(v)
Equitable distribution of income and wealth by putting effort to:

Increase the income of lower income groups

Give high priority to the abolition if poverty
(vi)
Cheap housing
(vii)
Enhancement of education, testimonial and vocational training
as well as providing facilities for research and innovation
d) Balanced development
e) Innovation of new technology that suit the conditions, needs and aspirations
of the Muslim countries
f)
Reduction of dependence on the outside world and greater integration within
the Muslim world
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Source of the Contents:
Zeenath Kausar (2000),Political Development:An Islamic Perspective,The Other
Press with the association of The Research center of International Islamic University
(Malaysia), Petaling Jaya
5.2.2
Activities
Do you think that the government of your country has developed the country according to
the Islamic framework of Islamic development? Give some examples.
5.3 Science, Technology and ICT
5.3.1
Presentation
The importance of science, technology and ICT is very demanding for all
Muslims countries nowadays. The development in medicine, engineering, weaponry,
automobile technology, shipping, agriculture, architecture, information and others is very
crucial. Islam as a progressive and practical religion never denies the importance of
science, technology and ICT. In fact, Islam encourages all Muslims to achieve as high as
the level of development in science, technology and ICT. This was proven by the
previous generation of Muslims who had successfully developed the Islamic civilization.
However, what makes science, technology and ICT bad in Islam is the ways they are
being used and utilized. What we can see nowadays, they are abused and misused by
human beings and consequently, people are living in discomfort, not in comfort.
Science is a branch of knowledge in Islam. Science, by definition, is a study of
proven statements or through several observations of facts which are arranged in a
systematic manner and gathered in a form of rules. In Islamic epistemology, science is
called ‘ulum and it is divided into three categories (Islamic Studies, 2000, OUM):
(a) ‘Ulum Naqliyyah/Diniyyah (Theological Science)
(b) ‘Ulum Tabi’iyah (Natural Science)
(c) ’Ulum Insaniyah (Humanity Science)
‘Ulum Naqliyyah/Diniyyah
‘Ulum Tabi’iyah
’Ulum Insaniyah
(Theological Science
(Natural Science)
(Humanity Science)
Study of Fiqh
Astronomy
History
Usuluddin
Cosmology
Sociology
Tafsir
Geology
Psychology
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Tasawuf
Biology
Education
Faraidh and others
Physics
Economy
Chemistry and others
Philosophy
Akhlaq and others
Science in Islam should bring one closer to Allah SWT. All findings or discoveries
must not against the Will of Allah SWT and for the benefit of the whole mankind. Any
contributions to the human development will be rewarded by Allah. If the science against
the Will of Allah SWT, it will not be considered as a scientific knowledge in Islam.
Knowledge cannot be used to destroy other human beings and the environment. Muslim
scientists must submit and lower themselves to Allah SWT. They must realize that all
knowledge from Allah SWT. The religious and ethical aspects while conducting research
also must be taken into their consideration. For instance, research on cloning of human
being. Muslim scientist must look at the issue from the Islamic perspective whether they
can do the research or not. Besides that, they also must preserve the environment. They
cannot conduct a research by simply damaging the system because it might affect the
ecological system that Allah SWT has created.
5.3.2
Activities
Think! Can Muslim scientists, technologists and IT experts work together to create
nuclear weapon or atomic bomb? Provide your argument.
5.4 Globalization and the Clash of Civilization
5.4.1
Presentation
Do you really know the meaning of globalization? Globalization is a difficult term
to define because it has come to mean so many things. In general, globalization refers to
the trend toward countries joining together economically, through education, society and
politics, and viewing themselves not only through their national identity but also as part of
the world as a whole. Globalization is said to bring people of all nations closer together,
especially through a common medium like the economy or the information technology like
internet
(http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-globalization.htm).
In
other
words,
globalization is a process of making the earth become small in certain aspects. Have you
ever heard a terminology that is ‘Global Village? What does it mean? It means the big
earth is just like a small village because in a small village, whatever happens somewhere
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else in the village can be known at almost the same time. The same thing happens in
globalization. We are able to know about events or incidents from the other parts of the
world at almost the same time via information technology tools i.e Internet.
Globalization brings about social changes to the whole world as a result of the
advancement in communication and technology that covering all aspects of life. Values
are exchanged through globalization. There is export and import of social values and
norms among civilization. For example, through Internet, the values of the West are
transferred to the East. In many cases, the values of the West influencing the other parts
of the world through the internet as well as other tools of communication like television.
The worst, it eliminates the values of the locals. Just look at the aspect of lifestyle. In the
West, it is normal for unmarried couple to stay together in a house and no wrong to have
free sex as long as it is committed based on willingness of both of them. This kind of
lifestyle also can be found in Muslim countries today. Such lifestyle in which very strange
among the locals long time ago, now has become an accepted norm. Why? The reason
is the globalization.
Another example is on woman fashion. Today’s fashion are designed to expose
the body of woman and worn by many famous artistes from the West. Through Internet or
movies on television or posted on Internet, Muslims view them and then follow them. In
some Muslim countries, there are famous woman artistes who do dress same like the
western actress – do not cover the aurah and many others.
The exchange or export and import have caused a clash of civilization in Muslim
countries. Muslims who have zero knowledge about the teachings of Islam will easily
absorb whatever values come from other civilization, particularly from the West,
especially among the youngsters. No wonder, it is not strange anymore in some Muslims
countries we hear Muslim teenagers go to night club, having free sex, wearing sexy
dress, committing homosexuality, drinking alcohol, punk, black metal and what not. The
West culture and lifestyle have eliminated the Islamic values of the locals. Meanwhile,
Muslims who have little knowledge about Islam are in dilemma of whether to practise the
western values or the Islamic values. Only Muslims who possess sufficient and depth
knowledge about the Islamic teaching are safe from the dilemma and will reject the bad
values from other civilizations.
In today’s world, we are living in a highly sophisticated and advanced world of
information and communication technology. Through ICT, we can access to too much
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information, whether good or bad, within a short time such news or stories from other part
of the world. Below are among the things brought by globalization through internet or
mass media:
(a) Television (TV)

Award ceremonies like Oscar

Movies that show immoral behaviours such as kissing, hugging,
introduction sexual intercourse scene, sexy dressing of actress, harsh
words, professional thief skills

Beauty pageants like Miss World competition

Fashion show (exposing part of body)

Wild parties

Immoral entertainers

Break away culture such as living away from home, living together
without legal marriage
(b) Computer/Internet

Phonographic websites

Immoral pictures

Gossip and slanderous stories

Subversive propaganda such anti-Islam

Immoral articles
(c) Books and magazines

Uncensored pictures of artistes

Uncensored stories

Fashion
(d) Parties

Wild parties

Parties promoting free mixing between male and female and alcoholic
drinks are served

Free sex parties
All of the above have created confusion and dilemma in the Muslim world. The
worst is some Muslim politicians who have political power, allow such bad values to enter
their countries. Some Muslim governments do not put restriction on the entrance of such
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elements. Phonographic websites are not blocked, immoral movies are even promoted
and many others.
5.4.2
Activities
Discuss with your colleagues other positive and negative impacts of globalization.
5.5 Misunderstanding towards Islam
5.5.1
Presentation
Nowadays, Muslims have to face the misunderstanding towards Islam. Sadly, the
misunderstanding occurs not only among non-Muslims but also among Muslims. Let us
look at some misunderstandings or misconceptions about Islam are:
a) Islam is a merely ritualistic religion
There are Muslims who look Islam as merely a ritualistic religion and nothing to do
with the worldly affairs. Islam is doing the rituals (ibadah) only. As a result of this
misunderstanding, they focus on performing ibadah only and forget the worldly
gains. Also, there are Muslims who do not bother about Islam in their daily life due
to this misunderstanding. They do not practise the teachings of Islam in their life.
They work from morning to night, neglecting what is halal and haram .If they tired or
bored, they seek entertainment by going to karaoke center or night club. To this
second type of Muslims, ibadah is not necessary for them.
b) Islam is associated to certain race/tribe, not for all races
There is also misunderstanding that Islam is not for the whole mankind but for
certain race. Among non-Muslims, this misunderstanding has created fear among
tem to know Islam or to convert to Islam because they will lose their original racial
identity. For example, in Malaysia, there are non-Muslims who have a thought that
converting to Islam means converting to Malays in which their original identities
have to be sacrificed. This happens because Islam is associated to the Malays.
On the other coin, there are also Muslims who have a thought that Islam belongs to
their races only. As a result, they look down to other Muslims from other races.
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They claim that they are the first people to receive Islam, thus they are more
knowledgeable than others.
c) All Muslims are Arabs
There is also claim in the West that all Muslims are Arabs. Such claim is actually
baseless. Let us look at the fact that can be used to reject such misunderstanding.
The Muslim population of the world is around 1,2 billion. One out of five people in
the world is a Muslim. They are a vast range of races, nationalities, and cultures
from around the globe--from the Phillipines to Nigeria--they are united by their
common Islamic faith. Only about 18% live in the Arab world and the largest Muslim
community is in Indonesia. Most Muslims live east of Pakistan. Thirty percent of
Muslims live in the Indian subcontinent, 20% in Sub-Saharan Africa, 17% in
Southeast Asia, 18% in the Arab world, and 10% in the Soviet Union and China.
Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan make up 10% of the non-Arab Middle East. Although
there are Muslim minorities in almost every area, including Latin America and
Australia, they are most numerous in Russia and its newly independent states, India
and central Africa. There are about 6 million Muslims in the United States.
(Source: http://bimcrot.tripod.com/sv/misc.html)
d) Islam as fundamentalist religion
In the West, Islam is described as a religion for fundamentalists. Islam is linked to
fanaticism and not suitable in this modern era because no element of tolerance in
fanaticism. Muslims are described as ‘closed minded’ people and the people who
cannot accept other civilizations.
e) Muslims are violent, terrorists and/or extremists.
This is the biggest misconception in Islam nowadays. This happens due to the
constant stereotyping and bashing made by the media on Islam. When a gunman
attacks a mosque in the name of Judaism, a Catholic IRA guerrillas set-off a bomb
in an urban area, or Serbian Orthodox militiamen rape and kill innocent Muslim
civilians, these acts are not regarded as violence, terrorism or extremism and never
are these acts attributed to the religion of the perpetrators. Yet how many times
have we heard the words 'Islamic, Muslim fundamentalist, etc.' linked with violence.
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One should remember to go to the source of Islam and separate what the true
religion of Islam says from what is portrayed in the media. Islam literally means
'submission to God' and is derived from a root word meaning 'peace'.
Islam may seem exotic or even extreme in the modern world. It is due to the
reason that religion doesn't dominate daily life of the people especially in the West.
However, in Muslim communities, Islam is regarded as a 'way of life' for Muslims
that guide their lives and they make no division between worldly life and the religion.
Like Christianity, Islam permits fighting in self-defense, in defense of religion, or on
the part of those who have been expelled forcibly from their homelands but still
strict rules are laid down at combating their enemies such as prohibitions on killing
old people, children, women; destroying crops, trees and livestock as well as house
of worship.
NO PLACE IN ISLAM THE KILLING OF INNOCENTS. The Quran says:
“Fights in the cause of Allah against those who fight you, but d not transgress limits”
(al-Baqarah:190)
"If they seek peace, then seek you peace. And trust in God for He is the One that heareth
and knoweth all things." (Quran 8:61)
War, therefore, is the last resort, and is subject to the rigorous conditions laid
down by the divined law. The term 'jihad' literally means 'struggle' but not merely to
mean fighting in war. Muslims believe that there are two kinds of jihad. The other
'jihad' is the inner struggle of the soul which everyone wages against egotistic
desires for the sake of attaining inner peace.
(Source: http://bimcrot.tripod.com/sv/misc.html)
f)
Islam oppresses women
This misunderstanding is due to the image of the typical Muslim woman wearing
the veil (burqa or hijab) and they are forced to stay at home and forbidden to drive
is all too common in most peoples’ thoughts. This should not be seen as coming
from Islam. It is more cultural rather than religious matter. Although some Muslim
countries may have laws that oppress women, we have to bear in mind that many
of these countries do not rule by any kind of Shari'ah (Islamic law) and introduce
their own cultural standpoints on the issue of gender equity.
18
Islam on the other hand gives men and women different roles and equity
between the two. It is stated in the Quran and the example of the Prophet (peace be
upon him). It was Islam that freed women from the ‘cruelty’ and ‘exploitative’ culture
of Jahiliyyah. It was Islam that put back the status of women in the society. This is
because Islam sees a woman, whether single or married, as an individual in her
own right, with the right to own and dispose of her property and earnings. A
marriage gift is given by the groom to the bride for her own personal use, and she
keeps her own family name rather than taking her husband's. Both men and women
are expected to dress in a way that is modest and dignified. The Messenger of God
(peace be upon him) said: "The most perfect in faith amongst believers is he who is best
in manner and kindest to his wife."
Violence of any kind towards women and forcing them against their wills for
anything is totally prohibited in Islam. Even in marriage, even though it is simple, a
Muslim girl cannot be forced to marry against her will: her parents simply suggest
young men they think may be suitable. Divorce is not common, although it is
acceptable as a last resort.
(Source: http://bimcrot.tripod.com/sv/misc.html)
g) Islam was spread by the sword and intolerant of other faiths.
In the West, many social studies textbooks show the image of an Arab horseman
carrying a sword in one hand and the Quran in the other conquering people and
forced them to convert to Islam. This is a wrong portrayal of history. Islam has
always given respect and freedom of religion to all faiths. The Quran says:
"God forbids you not, with regards to those who fight you not for [your] faith nor drive
you out of your homes, from dealing kindly and justly with them; for God loveth those who
are just." (Qur'an 60:8)
It is a function of Islamic law to protect the privileged status of minorities, and this is
why non-Muslim houses of worship have flourished all over the Islamic world. Thus,
Islam acknowledges the freedom of religion since its advent as stated in the Quran
itself:
"There is no compulsion (or coercion) in the religion (Islam). The right direction is
distinctly clear from error." (Qur'an 2:256)
19
A very interesting and important note from a Christian missionary, T.W. Arnold
who had expressed his opinion after studying the issue of the spread of Islam:
"...of any organized attempt to force the acceptance of Islam on the non-Muslim
population, or of any systematic persecution intended to stamp out the Christian religion,
we hear nothing. Had the caliphs chosen to adopt either course of action, they might have
swept away Christianity as easily as Ferdinand and Isabella drove Islam out of Spain, or
Louis XIV made Protestanism..."
The History of Islam provides many examples of Muslim tolerance towards other
faiths. For example, when the Caliph Umar al-Khattab entered Jerusalem in the
year 634, Islam granted freedom of worship to all religious communities in the city.
He did proclaim to the people that their lives, and property were safe, and that their
places of worship would never be taken from them. He even asked the Christian
patriarch, Sophronius to accompany him on a visit to all the holy places in the city
Apart from that, Islamic law also allows non-Muslim minorities to set up their own
courts, which implement family laws drawn up by the minorities themselves. The life
and property of all citizens in an Islamic state are considered divined whether the
person is Muslim or not.
Islam totally rejects racism. It is not a part of Islamic teachings. The Quran
speaks only of human equality and how all peoples are equal in the sight of Allah
SWT.
"O mankind! We created you from a single soul, male and female, and made you into
nations and tribes, so that you may come to know one another. Truly, the most honored of
you in God's sight is the greatest of you in piety. God is All-Knowing, All- Aware."
(Qur'an 49:13)
(Source: http://bimcrot.tripod.com/sv/misc.html)
h) Islam as a barbaric and backward religion
This misunderstanding most probably due to the failure of Muslim countries to
develop and some remained under development. Many Muslims are still under
poverty and starvation in some countries. Also, the world does not witness any
significant contribution of Muslims to the modern development of humanity.
However, this happens due to propaganda of the international media in the West,
20
controlled by non-Muslims especially the Jews that hide the significant contributions
of Muslims in the development of humanity. There are many discoveries found by
Muslims scientists which are not told to the world.
In history, Islam has proven that it is a progressive religion and promotes
development of human potential. Seeking knowledge is made compulsory to al
Muslims, man or woman as recorded in hadith the Prophet (pbuh): 'seeking
knowledge is an obligation for every Muslim man and woman'. Islam in this juncture,
repeatedly instructs man to use his powers of intelligence and observation. There
are many verses in the Quran on it. Thus, no wonder, within a few years, great
civilizations and universities were flourishing.
The synthesis of Eastern and Western ideas had brought about great advances
in medicine, mathematics, physics, astronomy, geography, architecture, art,
literature, and history. Many crucial systems such as algebra, the Arabic numerals,
and also the concept of the zero (vital to the advancement of mathematics), were
transmitted to medieval Europe that was in its dark ages, from Islamic civilization.
From Muslims’ heritage of knowledge, sophisticated instruments which were to
make possible the European voyages of discovery were developed, including the
astrolabe, the quadrant and good navigational maps.
(Source: http://bimcrot.tripod.com/sv/misc.html)
i)
Islam was originated by Muhammad and Muslims worship him
Muhammad (pbuh) was proven as an illiterate person. As an illiterate, it is not
acceptable by a normal mind that he (pbuh) was able to come out with such a
comprehensive way of life as we found in Islam. Muhaammad (pbuh) was chosen to
deliver the message of Islam, he is not considered the "founder" of Islam, since
Muslims consider Islam to be the same divine guidance sent to all peoples before.
Muslims believe all the prophets from Adam, Noah, Moses, Jesus etc. were all sent
with divine guidance for their peoples. Every prophet was sent to his own people,
but Muhammad (pbuh) was sent to all of mankind. Muhammad is the last and final
messenger sent to deliver the message of Islam. Muslims revere and honor him
(pbuh) for all he went through and his dedication, but they do not worship him.
21
"O Prophet, verily We have sent you as a witness and a bearer of glad tidings and a
warner and as one who invites unto God by His leave and as an illuminating lamp."
(Qur'an 33:45-46)
(Source: http://bimcrot.tripod.com/sv/misc.html)
j)
Muslims don't believe in Jesus or any other prophets.
This is another misunderstanding as a result of propaganda of irresponsible
fanatic followers of Christianity who are not truly understand and believe in the
teaching of Christianity. As thought by Islam, Muslims respect and revere Jesus,
(upon him be peace ‫ )عليه السالم‬and await his Second Coming. They consider him one
of the greatest of Allah's messengers to mankind. A Muslim never refers to him
simply as 'Jesus', but always adds the phrase 'upon him be peace' (‫)عليه السالم‬. The
Qur'an confirms his virgin birth (a chapter of the Quran is entitled 'Mary'), and Mary
is considered the purest woman in all creations. The Quran describes the
Annunciation as follows:
"Behold !" the Angel said, "God has chosen you, and purified you, and chosen you above
the women of all nations. O Mary, God gives you good news of a word from Him whose
name shall be the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, honored in this world and the Hereafter, and
one of those brought near to God. He shall speak to the people from his cradle and in
maturity, and shall be of the righteous." She said: "O my Lord! How shall I have a son when
no man has touched me?" He said: "Even so; God creates what He wills. When He decrees
a thing, He says to it, "Be!" and it is." (Qur'an 3:42-47)
Jesus (upon him be peace ‫ )عليهه السهالم‬was born miraculously through the same
power, which had brought Adam (upon him be peace ‫ )عليهه السهالم‬into being without a
father:
"Truly, the likeness of Jesus with God is as the likeness of Adam. He created him of dust,
and then said to him, 'Be!' and he was." (Qur'an 3:59)
During his prophetic mission, Jesus (upon him be peace ‫ )عليه السالم‬performed many
miracles. The Qur'an tells us that he said:
22
"I have come to you with a sign from your Lord: I make for you out of clay, as it were, the
figure of a bird, and breath into it and it becomes a bird by God's leave. And I heal the
blind, and the lepers, and I raise the dead by God's leave." (Qur'an 3:49)
Neither Muhammad (pbuh) nor Jesus (upon him be peace ‫ )عليه السالم‬came to
change the basic doctrine of the brief in One God brought by earlier prophets, but to
confirm and renew it.
In the Qur'an, Jesus (upon him be peace ‫ )عليه السالم‬is reported as saying that he
came:
"And I have come confirming that which was before me of the Taurat (Torah), and to
make lawful to you part of what was forbidden to you; and I have come to you with a proof
from your Lord, so fear Allah and obey me." (Qur'an 3:50)
The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said: "Whoever believes there is no god but God, alone
without partner, that Muhammad (pbuh) is His messenger, that Jesus is the servant and
messenger of God, His word breathed into Mary and a spirit emanating from Him, and that
Paradise and Hell are true, shall be received by God into Heaven." (Hadith related by
Bukhari)
(Taken from: http://bimcrot.tripod.com/sv/misc.html)
5.5.2
Activities
Find out the Arabic text of all translated Quranic verses in the discussion above.
5.6 Unity of the Ummah
5.6.1
Presentation
An Overview
All Muslims know the value and importance of unity among them around the
world. Every Muslim talks about the unity. We have read and heard many times the
famous verse from Surah Al-i-Imran:
23
" And hold fast all together by the rope which Allah (stretches out for you) and be not divided
among yourselves; and remember with gratitude Allah's favor on you; for ye were enemies and He
joined your hearts in love so that by His grace ye became brethren; and ye were on the brink of
the pit of fire and He saved you from it. Thus doth Allah make his signs clear to you: that ye may
be guided". (Verse 13, Al-i-Imran).
Muslim community leaders, Imams and scholars are not tired and continually
delivering long speeches about the unity of Muslim Ummah. However, as days are
passing by, Muslims are getting more and more divided. The division is multidimensional.
Muslims are divided based upon languages, ethnicity, regional preferences, nationalism
and above all sectarian beliefs in the name of Islam. Why it happened so? What are the
reasons? Is it because Muslims do not truly understand the Quranic verse of Ali Imran
above? Thus, the reasons of these divisions could be many, but we can jumble them into
the following reasons:
1. Partial understanding of Islam and partial practice of its teachings in daily life
2. Ignorance of practicing Islam based on the authentic (sahih) sunnah of
Rasulullah SAW
3. Fanaticism in following an imam or sect (mazhab) with the failure to make the
authentic sunnah as the basis of performing ibadah
4. The spread of weak and unauthentic (not sahih) sunnah
5. Strong sense of local nationalism.
Let us look elaborate more about the reasons by looking at the reality today. It is
undeniable that every Muslims will say“We are all Muslims, we believe in one God i.e.
Almighty Allah, we believe in one Prophet i.e. Muhammad (pbuh) and we all have the book of
Allah i.e. Qur'an. This sentence is merely a lip service and nothing more. Just look at the
conflicts in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia (civil war among Muslims groups), Algeria,
Turkey, Egypt, Lebanon, Bangladesh, South Africa (within Muslims), UK (within Muslims),
USA (within Muslims), Canada (within Muslims), Malaysia (within Muslims), Indonesia
(within Muslims) and many other Muslim and non-Muslim countries, conflicts are created
in the name of Islam. The conflicting Muslim parties fight against each other in the name
of Allah SWT.
What is the reason behind this conflict? The reason is clear. In all conflicts, if we
study in depth the conditions of compromise/ unity, we will find that our leaders, Imams,
scholars, governments and Islamic organizations want to unite Muslims based upon their
"own" principles and beliefs. Although, there is no dispute in Qur'an but nowadays every
24
sect or organization or government or Imam or leader has their own interpretation of
Qur'an and Hadith. They are struggling for control and power in order to implement their
own sectarian beliefs and policies. We talk a lot about unity but we want unity based
upon our own conditions. Religious groups and sects claim that they are killing or
declaring Muslims as KAFIR, MUSHRIK, BID'ATEE, etc. in order to please Allah.
The major division among Muslims in Jurisprudence occurred when the Science
of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) became a formal subject. As a result, the Sunni Muslims
were divided into four main school of thought (Madhahib-ways); HANAFI, MALKI,
SHAFI'E AND HANBALI. The Shi'ete Muslims separated their Fiqh and called it
JA'FARIAH (from Imam Ja'ffar us Sadiq, May Allah be pleased with him). However,
beside the differences in Fiqh, the Sunni Muslim scholars and Imams always respected
each other and never ever condemned each other. The discussion on the differences in
Fiqh was never made a topic of Friday Sermon (khutbah). One never called the other
Imam and his followers as wrong. They never asked the Muslims not to follow the other
Imams. Their differences of opinions were purely intellectual and based upon the Hadith
of Prophet (peace be upon him) which reached to them at different times
The local nationalism was never preferred over the worldwide Islamic
brotherhood. Imam Muslim, Imam Bukhari, Imam Tarmidhi and many other Imams and
scholars of Islam were non Arabs but no one felt that they were from non Arab parts of
the world. Every Muslim knew only one criteria of brotherhood, which was the love, and
the following of Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him). With all the differences Muslims
were united and very faithful to their religion. Muslims were the super power of the world.
Muslims were the leaders in setting up the standards for the rest of the world. Muslims
were educators, scientists, doctors, engineers, commanders, etc. Intellectually, morally,
economically, politically and spiritually Muslims were the leaders and model for other
communities and nations. Muslims knew and practiced that “a Muslim is a person from
whose hands and tongue the other Muslims are safe” (Al Hadith 40 of Imam Al-Nawawi).
In history of Islam, the first major division of Muslims occurred over a political
issue of whether the murderers of Hadhrat Uthman should be captured first OR the law
and order situation in Madinah should be handled first. This difference in approaches on
purely a political issue divided the Muslims permanently. However, there were no
differences among Muslims regarding Islamic Jurisprudence and worshipping (Ibadaat).
All the Companions (Sahabah), the amily of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)
and later Tab-E-Een (Muslims who followed the companions of the Prophet, (peace be
upon him) used to pray together and only one way. If some differences occasionally
25
appeared among them, they never considered it as a difference that could divide
Muslims. Although, after the martyrdom (syaheed) of the Caliph Uthman Ibn al-‘Affan,
Muslims were divided in to two groups but neither history nor other Islamic literature tells
us that they had differences in IBADAAT or Islamic Jurisprudence (FIQH) or they
declared each other as Kafir, Mushrik, etc. like some of our Imams and scholars do
nowadays.
If we read the Islamic history and the development of Islamic Jurisprudence (The
science of Fiqh), we will realize that the four Ahli Sunnah Imams of Islamic
Jurisprudence; Imam Abu Hanifah, Imam Malik, Imam Shafi'e and Imam Ahmed bin
Hanbal (May Allah shower His mercy upon them), had very high respect and love for
the family of Prophet (Peace be upon him). They learnt Islamic Jurisprudence from
Imams of Ahlul Bait (family of Prophet Muhammad, Peace be upon him). Imam Abu
Hanifah was not only a student of Imam Ja'ffar al- Sadiq but he was also his stepson. It is
very difficult to believe that Imam Abu Hanifah would have compiled the Fiqh that is very
much different from Imam Ja'ffar al-Sadiq's Fiqh. It is hard to believe that Imam Abu
Hanifah would have prayed (Salat) behind Imam Ja'ffar differently like Shi'ah and Sunni
pray (Salat) differently today. There is a possibility of minor differences but if we look
today's Fiqh, Ja'fariyah and Fiqh Hanafiyah, there is a huge difference. Obviously, the
people created these differences after these noble Imams. These noble Imams never
created these differences.
Throughout the Islamic history till the early 1900, the Islamic history is full with
glory and turmoil but Muslims remained the superpower of the world and the leaders of
the modern civilization. Beside many differences within Muslim community, no outside
power was able to undermine the strength of Muslim Ummah however these outside
powers always have tried to destroy the unity of Muslim Ummah.
During the period of Banu Umayyah and Banu Abbas, there were many attempts
to disintegrate and disunite Muslims. For example, Khawarij and Rawafidh were born
during that time. There were several other branches grew from these two sects but finally
all of these sects died out because of the excellent and very sincere work of true scholars
of Islam such as Imam Hussain, Imam Ja'ffer us Sadiq, Imam Abu Hanifah, Imam Malik,
Imam Shafi'e, Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal, Imam Muslim, Imam Bukhari, Imam Tirmidhi,
Imam Baihaqi, Hadhrat Fuzail ibn Ayaz, Hadhrat Junaid Baghdadi, Imam Asha'ry, Imam
Jozi, Allama ibn Kathir, Allama Jalaluddin Suyyuti, Mulla Ali Qari, Imam Ghazali, Imam
Asqalni, Sayyidna Abdul Qadir Jilani and hundreds of other sincere Muslim scholars and
Auwlia Allah. With the noble work of the above and many others scholars of Islam, the
26
Ummah rejected the beliefs of Khawarij, Rawafidh and their sub-sects and Muslims
remained united. The intellectual difference of opinion always remained among the
scholars of Islam but that should not be considered as a division.
Movements of Disunity and the Role of West
1. Druze
2. Bahais
3. Ahmedies
The enemies of Islam and anti-Islam groups or organizations have always
supported the ideologies of those Muslims who tried to give "new" meanings to the
Qur'anic verses or tried to disgrace Allah's Messenger, Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Al-Hakim bin Amr Allah in 1022 broke away from Shi'at Muslims and created his own
religion which was later recognized as Daruzism. Al-Hakim bi-amr Allah had full support
from the Jews and the Christians. They helped him in organizing and establishing his
dynasty.
During early 1900 in Iran when Bahá'u'lláh claimed that the God has manifested
in him and founded the religion of Bahaism, the western governments supported him.
Many of his followers broke away from Islam and followed him. However, both of the
above breaks from the Muslim community were not considered as major disunity among
Muslims because both the followers of Druzism and Bahaism did not claim themselves as
Muslims any more. They were considered as the followers of different religions. The
entire Muslim Ummah remained united except few hundreds who converted to Druzism
and Bahaism.
One of the most recent attempts by the anti Islam group to disunite Muslims was
the establishment of another religion within the Muslim community called Ahmedism or
Qadyanism. During 19th Century in India, a Muslim scholar, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed
Qadyani claimed that he is the Prophet of Allah as well. Mirza Ghulam Ahmed and his
patrons from the British Empire had learnt the lessons from Bahai religion. They saw that
Bahá'u'lláh made a mistake by disassociating his teachings from Islam. The
disassociation from Islam created a roadblock to convert Muslims from Islam to Bahaism.
Bahá'u'lláh was able to attract only few hundred Muslims and most of his following came
from the Christians, Parsees and Hindus. Therefore, the enemies of Islam were not very
successful in achieving their goal. They were expecting that Bahá'u'lláh will attract
27
thousands upon thousands Iranians to follow him. Instead of this, Bahá'u'lláh converted
thousands of Christians, Parsees and Hindus towards Bahaism.
In the case of Mirza Ghulam Ahmed, the enemies of Islam were very cautious.
Therefore, Mirza Ghulam Ahmed claimed himself as a Prophet but under the
Prophethood of Muhammad ibn Abdullah (peace be upon him). By using this tactic and
approach, he tried to keep himself and his followers associated with Islam and at the
same time establish a new religion, known as Ahmedism, within Islam. This tactics
worked very well and thousands of Muslims of Punjab (India) were deceived. They
thought that they could get the worldly benefits by following Mirza Ghulam Ahmed and
still remain Muslim. The British were the rulers of India at that time and these poor
Muslims wanted to get some benefits from these patrons of Ahmedism. The British were
relatively successful this time and created disunity among Muslims of India but this new
religion, Ahmedism remained in India and Pakistan. Slowly Muslims of India and Pakistan
were getting aware of the motives and beliefs of this new religion and the following of this
religion started declining.
In 1970, after a long struggle, the Ahmedism and Qadyanism were declared as
non-Muslim faiths. At that time, the Ahmedees and Qadyanees started mass migration
towards the western world where they received full protection. Although the Muslim
Ummah do not considers Ahmedees and Qadyanees as Muslims but Ahmedees and
Qadyanees themselves still claim that they are Muslims. After the declaration of
Ahmedism as a separate religion, the Muslims are united and they did not see Ahmedism
as a part of Islam.
The Start of Real Disunity
After almost 13 centuries of Muslim rule, the focus of Muslim Ummah changed.
What Qur'an describes the attributes of Muslims as, "They (Muslims) are very kind among
themselves but very hard on Kuffaar” was ignored. Muslims slowly adopted the opposite
attributes. They became very kind to KUFFAAR and very hard and cruel to Muslims. Our
religious leadership started focusing on minor issues. Instead of healthy intellectual
discussions, our religious leadership started emphasizing on resolving the differences
through force. Some Muslim scholars intentionally used Qur'anic verses and
misinterpreted their meanings. Those verses which Allah had revealed in Qur'an to
inspire Muslims to fight against Kuffaar, these scholars used those verses to create
animosity among Muslim brothers. They made a Muslim an enemy of another Muslim by
28
using Qur'an and Hadith. This happens in almost Muslim countries especially among
political parties.
The Colonial Era and Unity of Muslim Ummah
For the last 13th centuries, Muslims were the superpower of the world. Khilafat-eUthmania (Ottoman Empire) was a thorn in the eyes of anti Islam forces. They wanted to
destroy this Islamic Empire at any cost. They were trying for the last 13 th centuries to
destroy it but did not succeed. These forces saw the shift in focus of Muslim scholars and
took full advantage of it. They planted a very dangerous seed of nationalism among
Muslims. Muslims started fighting against their own Muslim brothers because either they
were not from the same region or they were speaking a different language.
When the Muslim superpower, Ottoman Empire (Khilafah al-Uthmaniah) was
fighting against the European colonial powers, the English, the Dutch, the French, the
Italians, etc.. at the same time they had to defend themselves from their own Muslim
brothers because Ottoman forces were Turks and were not local. To create hatred for
Turks, the local so called scholars of Islam used religion in order to get support from all
local Muslims. The tactics they used to get support from local Muslims in order to destroy
Ottoman Empire was simple. Keep Muslims busy in fighting on minor issues. Make small
issues as big issues and fight against those Muslims who do not accept the ideology of
these local nationalist scholars. Since these nationalist scholars of Islam were fighting
against Muslim Turkish Ottoman Empire, the Western Christian governments loved them
and supported them in their struggle. Now, these Muslims were very friendly with Kuffaar
and very hard on other Muslims. After a long series of events during 1800 and early 1900
most of the Muslims countries became colonies of European governments. These socalled nationalist scholars received big rewards from their Lords in the West and they
were successful in destroying the unity of Muslim Ummah while still claiming the title of
"Muslim Scholars".
Strategies of Europe's anti Islam Forces
In late 1700s and early 1800s century, the European powers realized that there is
no way that the Christian forces can break the strength of Muslim Ummah. The West had
seen more than 13 centuries of Muslim rule. The only way they forces could weaken the
unity of Muslim Ummah was to use and nourish some of the Muslims within the Muslim
community who could divide the Muslims. Europeans especially the British were studying
the Muslim society for many years. They were working hard to develop a wicked strategy
29
which could not only divide Muslims but also help them in controlling the Muslim land and
resources. The strategy of European anti-Islam forces was based upon the following
principles:

Muslims believe in one God and they worship only one God. This believe in one
God was not considered as a threat towards European Society and
governments. The Christian and Jews also believed in one God, therefore, this
would be common point of discussion and communication.

Muslims do love their Prophet, Muhammad (Peace be upon him) from their
hearts. It is possible that a Muslim may not completely practice his / her religion
but it is impossible to find a Muslim who does not love Muhammad (peace be
upon him). As long as Muslims remain in love with their Prophet (peace be upon
him) it is very difficult to penetrate in their lines and change their thinking.
Therefore, develop and support few Muslims who are willing to challenge the
honour and authority of Muhammad (peace be upon him). Once, Muslims get
into dispute about their own beloved Prophet, it will be very easy to disintegrate
them.

Muslims believe in their Holy Book, Qur'an. They also believe that Qur'an is the
word of God and cannot be changed. Muslims rely on Qur'an for guidance and
religious beliefs. However, Qur'an is the major threat for non-Muslim society. No
Muslim would accept to modify or change the Qur'anic verses. All major
interpretations (TAFSEER) and Translations of Qur'an are similar. Therefore,
develop and support those Muslims scholars who will be able to provide "new"
meanings to the Qur'anic verses and interpret them "differently". These kinds of
scholars are those who are:
o
Nationalist and against Ottoman Empire because of its Turkish heritage.
o
Leaders in their local communities and want to be recognized as big
leaders
o
Looking for better living but cannot afford it.
The Europeans were very happy with the disintegration of Ottoman Empire.
These so-called scholars of Islam did what the entire anti Islam forces couldn't do in 13
centuries. After the disintegration of Ottoman Empire most of the Muslim countries
became European colonies. Muslims were oppressed all over the world. All the glory of
Islamic superpower vanished and Muslims were completely disunited.
30
How the Unity of Muslim Ummah can be achieved?
There is only ONE way to achieve the unity of Muslim Ummah and that way is
the way of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). This way was used by the Companions of
Allah's Messenger (May Allah be pleased with them) and the Muslim scholars during
the 13th Centuries of Muslim rule of this world. One may say that everyone follows
Qur'an but we are still disunited. That's true. The dispute is not in the Qur'an. The
dispute lies with those scholars and their followers who interpret Qur'an based upon
their own sectarian beliefs and ignore consensus of Islamic scholars (IJMA'). Muslims
must return to the consensus of Muslim scholars which did exist from the period of
SAHABAH (Companions of Allah's Messenger) till the fall of Khilafat-e-Islamiyah just
one century ago. Muslims must think as one nation and must overcome the linguistic,
geographical, regional and ethnic differences. The agents of colonial empires have
seeded the linguistic and regional nationalism among Muslims. Muslims must leave
linguistic and regional nationalism behind and become one body. If any part of the
body feels pain the entire body should feel it and find the cure for it.
The intellectual differences of opinions should be not be considered as a
dispute but it should not be discussed on streets or during Friday sermons. It should
be discussed in the universities, and Darul Ulums. A disputed matter or issue is that
matter or issue in which the Muslim scholars are divided. Therefore, instead of
condemning each other, calling names and killing Muslims we must follow whichever
Muslim school of thought we want to follow but respect others.
Following are some DOs and DON'Ts to help in building the unity of Muslim
Ummah:
DOs;
a) Muslims must practise Islam based on the authentic sources from Sunnah of
Rasulullah SAW. They the not blindly follow an Imam or mazhab but must put
effort to figure out the strongest and closest evidence to the authentic
Sunnah.
b) Whenever we discuss a disputed matter we must be civilized, open minded
and kind to other Muslims. Also, we should acquire in-depth knowledge of
both side's point of view.
c) We should be positive and respectful towards other Muslims regardless of
difference in opinions.
31
d) We must be preaching and spreading Islam not our own sectarian beliefs.
e) If a dispute arises on the interpretation of a verse in Qur'an OR Hadith OR
about a certain action we must follow the consensus of the scholars of Islam.
If we find that the scholars are split on the issue then one can follow whoever
he / she likes to follow but must not consider the others as wrong.
f)
Friday's Sermons of our Imams should be on the common issues and
teachings. The Imams must try to bring Muslims together. They must stay
away from the disputed topics.
g) Muslims must love, respect and follow Muhammad (peace be upon him) as
the companions of the Prophet (peace be upon him) did.
h) Muslims must adopt all those ways which increase the love of Allah, His
Prophet (peace be upon him) and His book, Qur'an.
i)
Muslims must focus on the major issues of Muslim Ummah such as
Palestine, Al Quds, Chechnya, Kashmir, Indonesia, Philippines, Burma,
Macedonian, Albania, etc.. rather than wasting time on minor issues.
j)
Muslims must focus on education, technology and science, moral and
spiritual vales, economical and political stability in Muslim countries.
DON'Ts;
a) Imams in mosques and scholars of Islam must not interpret verses of Qur'an
from their own opinions and preferences. They must follow the consensus of
Muslim scholars about an issue.
b) Imams and scholars should not be condemning Muslims of other sects in
their speeches and Friday sermons.
c) Muslims should not be spreading hatred for other Muslims who disagree with
them as long as both groups follow the interpretation of Qur'an and Hadith
from an authentic scholar of Islam.
d) Muslims should not follow those Imams and scholars who undermine the
honour of Allah's Messenger (peace be upon him) and consider themselves
as the final authority on Islam.
e) Muslims should not follow those Imams and scholars who are disrespectful
towards the consensus of scholars of Islam.
f)
Muslims should not follow those Imams and scholars who ignore their own
innovations in Islam but keep Muslims busy in small disputes.
g) Muslims should not follow those scholars who are very eager to issue Fatwa
against Muslims and declare them kafir, mushrik, jahanami, bid’iets, etc.
32
h) Muslims should not follow those self claimed Imams and scholars who
spread nothing but hatred against those Muslims who do not belong to their
sect.
i)
Muslims should not follow those Imams and scholars who intentionally dual
on minor differences among Muslims.
j)
Muslims should not follow those Imams and scholars who divide Muslims
rather than uniting them.
Following the Example of the Best Generation of Muslim Ummah
In the previous section we discussed that the tribal / geographical nationalism
has always caused problems for the unity of this Ummah, even during the period of
Prophet (peace be upon him). But the physical presence of Allah's Messenger (peace
be upon him) was the bounding force for all Muslims. The Muslims were united
around Muhammad (Peace be upon him). The battle of Uhud, the battle of Hunain,
the battle of Khaybar, the agreement of Hudaibiyyah and many other events have
given us undisputed proof that the uniting force for Muslims was only the personality
of Muhammad (peace be upon him)
After the death of Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him), the same
tribalism got ignited in some of the tribes. Some of the tribes refused to pay zakah
and six people of various tribes claimed that if Muhammad of Bani Hashim (Peace be
upon him) can be a Prophet why can't they be Prophets of their tribes? The first
Caliph of Islam, Sayyidna Abu Bakr al-Siddiq (May Allah be pleased with him) saw
this tribal rebellion against Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and the religion he
preached. He crushed this tribal rebellion with force and the unity of Muslim Ummah
was kept intact. This also proves that the unity of Muslim Ummah has always been
challenged by those who tried to bring themselves at the high levels of Muhammad
(peace be upon him) by claiming Prophethood or by undermining the honour and the
teachings of Muhammad (peace be upon him).
During the period of Sayyidina Ali ibn Abi Talib caliphate (May Allah be
pleased with him), the Muslims were divided on the political front. Even though there
was a political differences between Sayyidina Ali and Mua'wiyah (May Allah be
pleased with him) who was the ruler in Syria , they never considered each other as
bad Muslim or weak Muslim. All Muslims were together as far the teachings, love and
respect for Allah's Messenger (Peace be upon him) was concerned. The Grand Son
of our beloved Prophet (Peace be upon him), Sayyidna Hussain (May Allah be
33
pleased with him) scarified not only his own life but also the lives of his family
members and close friends to defend and protect the Syi’ar of Allah (Signs of Allah).
Imam Hussain's (May Allah be pleased with him) martyrdom gave new meanings to
the unity of Muslim Ummah. Muslims realize that Imam Hussain's martyrdom has
very important message for the Muslim Ummah. The message is that the Muslims
must be united and ready to scarify their own lives for the sake of Allah's DEEN and
to protect the Honour of Hadhrat Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and his family
when challenged by the forces of evil.
(Source:
Syed
Soharwardy,
Unity
of
Muslim
Ummah,
http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.com/unity.htm. However, the author’s notes
on Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab and Wahabism should be reserved because it
needs an academic review on it)
5.6.2
Activities
Find out information about Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab and Wahabism. Is it true that he
was the one who was responsible for the downfall of Ottoman Empire of Turks?
5.7 Dialogue of Civilization
5.6.1
Presentation
The idea of the dialogue of civilization was initiated by former Iranian President,
Mohammad Khatami. He made a formal proposal at the 53rd UN General Assembly that
2001 be designated as “the year of dialogue among civilizations”, which won universal
support and approval. According to him, the dialogue of civilization should be interpreted
as a process of “speaking and listening among civilizations and cultures.” It can be
put into practice through various diplomatic contacts, meetings, exchanges, consultations
and so on.
The idea was initiated due to the impact of globalization that has caused political,
economic and cultural hegemony (monopoly) of the world. ‘Globalization', as the most
pressing of such developments, has opened new horizons for human societies, albeit
affected by the monopolies of power and capital. Western scholars tend to define
globalization and its future as a victory for liberalism. it has so far been undeniably been
under the sway of leading capitalist countries of the West, thus having the likelihood of
turning into soil for a variety of confrontations. As a matter of fact, globalization in real life
34
has aggravated and highlighted imbalances in human society and the international
community. These include imbalances in economic development, between efficiency and
fairness, superstructure and economic base, spiritual civilization and material civilization,
and imbalance in East-West or North-South power structure.
In the recent Report on African Economic Development, the UN Conference on
Trade and Development (UNCTAD) records the decrease of the continent's growth rate
from 4.5% in the mid-1960s to 4.2% in the 1970s, then to 2.5 % in the 1980s and further
to 2.3% in the 1990s. By 2000, the per capita income there had dropped 10% over the
past two decades with 28 million people on the verge of starvation.17 This, however,
represents only part of the picture of worldwide imbalances. The totality of these
challenges and opportunities (of globalization) remind us of the necessity of international
cooperation yet, mutual understanding is the ultimate requisite to international
cooperation and it cannot be obtained in the absence of dialogue. It is obvious that the
advocates of dialogue among civilizations are taking positive attitudes toward
globalization.
Hence, the civilizational dialogue is crucially important. In general, we can briefly
list down the importance of the dialogue as follow:
a) Enhancing tolerance and understanding, widening consensus, dissolving
conflicts, forwarding the stable, healthy progress of world cultural and
economy, and realizing peace and common prosperity of human society in
the end
b) Promoting progress of human civilization and democratization of international
relations, thus propelling the cause of peace and development, the central
theme of the era.
c) Eliminating the theories of clash and conflict which breed mistrust and
diminish the grounds for peaceful interaction among nations
d) Developing collective articulation of common interests, norms and laws
through mutual understanding among civilizations
e) Replacing hostility and confrontation with discourse and understanding. It
would leave an invaluable legacy for the benefit of the future generations
f)
Unifying common endeavors through a participatory global order based on
dialogue, tolerance and synergy to create for the people a future of peace,
stability and prosperity
35
In order to achieve a successful civilizational dialogue, there are some requirements
to be met. Among them are:
a) “Do not do to others what you do not want others to do to you.” This
should be the prerequisite for dialogue. Indeed, this should also be an
excellent point of departure for dialogue among cultures, civilizations and states
because it embraces also the well-quoted spirits of tolerance and mutual
respect, namely acknowledgement and tolerance of differences and respect for
diversity.
b) Giving up the will to power and replacing it with the will for empathy,
compassion and understanding, otherwise there would be no hope for the
prevalence of order in our world. Our task today is to transform the logic of
international relations, distancing it from the logic of power. We have to
renounce nationalism, arms race, and traditional power politics. Commitment
should be given unity in common endeavors to create a future of peace, stability
and prosperity for the whole world inhabitants.
c) Exchanges on an equal footing and two-way communication. This should
be the process of sincere dialogues. In a true and sincere dialogue, one party
cannot impose his ideas on the other and also, one must respect the
independent existence, the ideological, intellectual and cultural attributes of the
other. Only under such stances can dialogue become a prologue to peace,
security and justice. If we fail to see that every drop of water can reflect the
seven colors of sunshine, every life has its own dignity and the culture of every
ethnic group has its reason to exist, then even sitting across a table, the
dialogue can hardly be a process of exchange on an equal footing and mutual
communication. A dialogue can only lead to the direction of confrontation.
d) Mutual understanding based on seeking common ground while
reserving differences.
This should be not only the process of sincere dialogues but also the outcome to
be reached from the dialogues. It is important for international dialogues to
pursue and expand consensus. Differences and contradictions, which cannot be
solved for the moment, may be shelved till later days. The spirit of respect for
reality, shelving differences and seeking common interests shall be realized and
sustained. The dialogues demands mutual understanding, which surely comes
from observing the spirit. The road to mutual understanding between civilizations
involves:
a) First: A mutual recognition visible and invisible differences,
36
b) Second: A recognition of the existence of a deeper universality within
human society at the root of these differences
c) Third: The formulation of moderate and universal rules and norms in
the
social
order
for
the
sake
of
multi-polar
stability
and
interdependence.
(Source: Article by SHEN Qurong (Former President and Research Professor, China
Institute of Contemporary International Relations), Dialogue among Civilizations:
Implications for International Relations, September 2001)
5.6.2
Activities
Think!
Islam is the religion of Allah SWT and thus, superior over other religions. Based on this,
do you think that Muslims still need such a civilizational dialogue today?
6.0 Lesson Summary
The moral decadence among Muslim, disunity of Muslim Ummah, misuse of science,
technology and ICT as well as imbalanced development and damage to the environment are due
the lack of knowledge about Islam and the ignorance of practicing Islam in life. The
misunderstanding about Islam among non-Muslims is due to the envy of the enemies of Islam
who by intention portray Islam wrongly. Meanwhile, the misunderstanding among Muslim is due
the zero of knowledge about Islam or not understanding Islam in depth. If all Muslims truly
understand Islam in depth, then practice its teachings in their daily life and make Islam as their
way of life, Muslims would be able to cope out with whatever challenges that come to them
including globalization. It is nothing wrong with the globalization from the Islamic point of view as
long as the values which are propagated do not against the Islamic values and Muslims know to
filter what is right and wrong. In fact, in certain aspects, the globalization gives many advantages
to Islam and Muslims. Thus, Muslims must grab the opportunities to take advantage from the
globalization.
37
7.0 Self Assessment
7.1 Which of the following are factors that lead to moral decadence?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Lack of knowledge, iman and loss of faith in Allah SWT
Influence of new values due to modernization and globalization
The attitude of parents in upbringing their children
Influence of mass media
I and II
II and III
I, II and III
All of the above
Answer: D
7.2 The efforts to overcome the moral decadence should be shouldered by _________
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Individual
Parents
Government
Mass media
I and II
II and III
I, II and III
All of the above
Answer: D
7.3 Which of the following is wrong about the western model of economy?
A. Over emphasis on capital
B. Emphasis on the welfare of the people
C. Ignorance of equal economic distributions
D. Imbalance between materials, spiritual and environment
Answer: B
7.4 Which of the following is true about the Islamic framework of development?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Developing a God-conscious human being (muttaqin)
Development of a balanced personality
Establishment of just society
Focus on material development
I and II
II and III
I, II and III
All of the above
Answer: C
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7.5 Which of the following statement does not explain science, technology and ICT in Islam?
A. It should bring one closer to Allah SWT
B. Benefit of the whole mankind must be taken into account
C. It can be used to harm the common people in an enemy of Islam country
D. It must not against the Will of Allah SWT
Answer: C
7.6 Which of the following statements explain disunity among Muslims?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is due to the feeling that one’s tribe is superior than others
One says: “I must follow the opinion of my mazhab only”
Practice of unauthentic hadith
Leave aside the authentic sunnah because it against the opinion of one’s mazhab
I and II
II and III
I, II and III
All of the above
Answer: D
7.7 Which of the following statements explain the importance of the dialogue of civilization?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Promoting peaceful world
Eliminating the will of power of one civilization over others
Formulating of moderate and universal rules and norms
Making the values of the most influential civilization as the basis of the dailoge
I and II
II and III
I, II and III
All of the above
Answer: C
39