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1.5 Individual human development during youth: Physical Physical Development Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics • Primary sex characteristics are those change that are directly involved in REPRODUCTION – these will involve enlargement of sex organs eg: penis and vagina • Secondary sex characteristics are not directly required for reproduction. So they will involve all the other changes that occur during puberty eg: widening of shoulders, pubic hair, oily skin, breast development. Primary & Secondary sex characteristics MALES Primary sex characteristics Growth of scrotum & testes Secretion of hormones related to sperm production Growth of penis 2ndry sex characteristics Body & facial hair More muscle mass Greater height than females Broadening shoulders SIMILARITIES • Pubic hair • Oily skin • Voice deepens • Acne • Increase in height • Increase in body odour FEMALES Primary sex characteristics Increase in size of vagina & uterus Ovaries produce hormones to start the menstrual cycle Secondary sex characteristics Hips widen Development of breasts Distribution of fat to hips Body gets curvier Hormone Gland that secretes Role it plays in physical it / them development during puberty Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Lutenising Hormone (LH) Pituitary gland (in brain) Act on the testes and ovaries to release testosterone or oestrogen Testosterone Testes (testicles) Responsible for the development of male sex characteristics, muscle growth, hair growth and voice changes Oestrogen Ovaries Responsible for the development of female sex characteristics, breast development and the regulation of the menstrual cycle. Growth Hormone (GH) Pituitary Gland Increases the rate of growth Thyroxine Thyroid Gland Regulates metabolism, which is required to produce the extra energy needed for the changes that occur to the body during puberty. Hormone actions on the female body • For females: GnRH is released from the brain • For males: Oestrogen is released from the ovaries which results in female characteristics developing FSH and LH are released from the pituitary gland (brain) LH and FSH act on the ovaries Hormone actions on the male body GnRH is released from the brain FSH and LH are released from the pituitary gland (brain) Testosterone is released from the testes which results in the male characteristics developing LH and FSH act on the testes