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2-1 MAGNETISM -MAGNETISM IS THE FORCE EXERTED BETWEEN CHARGED MATERIALS THAT EITHER PULLS THEM TOGETHER OR PUSHES THEM APART. THE AREAS WHERE THE FORCE IS STRONGEST IS CALLED THE POLES, WHICH ARE AT THE ENDS OF THE MAGNET. -WHEN 2 MAGNETS COME TOGETHER THEY EXERT A FORCE ON EACH OTHER. WEATHER IT WILL ATTRACT OR REPELL DEPENDS ON HOW THEY ARE LINED UP. -POLES ARE ALWAYS IN PAIRS, A NORTH AND A SOUTH. EVEN IF A MAGNET IS CUT IN HALF, IT RETAINS BOTH POLES. -A MAGNETIC FIELD IS THE AREA WHERE THE MAGNETIC FORCE IS EXERTED OVER. -SOME MATERIALS CAN BE MAGNETIZED AND OTHERS ARE NOT. HIGHLY MAGNETIC MATERIALS ARE CALLED “FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS”. WHY WOULD IT HAVE THIS NAME? HINT: CHEMISTRY- NAMES OF ELEMENTS (LATIN) ***FERRUM IS THE LATIN NAME OF IRON*** -FM ‘S ARE STRONGLY ATTRACTED TO MAGNETS AND CAN ALSO BE MADE INTO THEM. THEY DO HOWEVER LOSE THEIR MAGNETISM EASILY. -THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE DEFINES THE MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF THE OBJECT. THE AREA CALLED THE MAGNETIC DOMAIN IS WHERE THE MAGNETIC FIELDS OF ATOMS LINE UP TOGETHER. THIS DOMAIN CAN BE ALTERED IN FM’S TO CREATE MAGNETS. EXAMPLE = PAPER CLIPS -IN UNMAGNETIZED MATERIAL, THE DOMAINS ARE ALL POINTING IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS. BECAUSE OF THIS THE CHARGES CANCEL OUT AND LEAVE NO MAGNETIC FORCE. -MAGNETISM IN AN OBJECT CAN BE LOST BY STRIKING, DROPPING, AND HEATING. IF THIS HAPPENS, THE DOMAINS ARE MOVED AROUND OUT OF ALIGNMENT. DO SECTION REVIEW 2-1 PAGE 51 # 1-4 2-2 THE EARTH AS A MAGNET -THE EARTH GIVES OFF A MAGNETIC FORCE. IT HAS MAGNETIC POLES JUST LIKE A MAGNET WOULD HAVE. THE MAGNETIC POLES ARE AT AN ANGLE AND NOT STRAIGHT UP AND DOWN.(P.53 PICTURE) -LIKE A MAGNET, THE EARTH HAS A MAGNETIC FIELD THAT IS STRONGEST AT THE POLES. IN MOLEN ROCKS, THEIR PARTICLE LINE UP WITH THE MAGNETIC POLES. THIS GIVES US A PERMANENT RECORD OF THE DIRECTION OF THE MAGNETIC POLES. OVER TIME, SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND HOW TO DETECT THESE RECORDS AND HAVE FOUND THAT THE MAGNETIC POLES OF THE EARTH HAVE REVERSED MANY TIMES. -IN A COMPASS, WHERE THE NEEDLE IS MAGNETIZED, THE EARTH EXERTS A FORCE ON IT. KNOWING THE FORCES OF MAGNETISM…IS THE COMPASS NEEDLE ACTUALLY POINTING NORTH? -THERE ARE OTHER THINGS IN THE GALAXY THAT GIVE OFF A MAGNETIC FORCE, SUCH AS OTHER PLANETS. FOR EXAMPLE, JUPITER HAS A FIELD 13 TIMES STRONGER THAN US! -SUNSPOTS ARE DARK AREAS ON THE SUN, WHICH REPRESENT AREAS WHERE MAGNETIC LINES OF FORCE COME THROUGH THE SUN’S SURFACE. BECAUSE THEY ARE MAGNETIC, THEY WILL ALWAYS OCCUR IN PAIRS, LIKE MAGNETIC POLES DO. EVERY 11 YEARS THE SUN’S MAGNETIC FIELD REVERSES AND THE POLES SWITCH. DO SECTION REVIEW 2-2 PAGE 55 # 1-5 2-3 MAGNETISM IN ACTION -A MAGNETIC FIELD WILL ONLY EXERT A FORCE ON A CHARGED PARTICLE IF IT IS MOVING AT AN ANGLE TO IT. IF THE CHARGED PARTICLE IS MOVING IN THE SAME DIRECTION, A MAGNETIC FIELD WILL EXERT NO FORCE ON IT. -THE MAGNETOSPHERE IS THE AREA WHERE THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF THE EARTH IS FOUND. THIS MAGNETOSPHERE IS SHAPED INTO A LONG TAIL ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE SUN BECAUSE OF SOLAR WINDS. SOLAR WINDS ARE CHARGED PARTICLES COMING TOWARDS THE EARTH. -THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD DEFLECTS MOST OF THE CHARGED PARTICLES FROM THE SUN. IF THE PARTICLES DO GET THROUGH, THEY GET TRAPPED IN THE MAGNETIC FIELD LINES OF THE EARTH AND REMAIN THERE, TRAVELLING FROM POLE TO POLE. -WHEN THESE CHARGED PARTICLES GET CLOSE TO THE EARTH, THEY CAUSE A GLOWING EFFECT. THIS GLOWING AREA IS CALLED AN AURORA. THE AURORA’S OF THE EARTH ARE FOUND NEAR THE POLES. THE AURORA IN THE NORTH IS CALLED THE AURORA BOREALIS (NORTHERN LIGHTS), WHILE THE AURORA IN THE SOUTH IS CALLED THE AURORA AUSTRALIS. -RADIO WAVES ARE PRODUCED BY PARTICLES TRAPPED IN MAGNETIC FIELDS. WE CAN USE THESE RADIO WAVES TO LEARN ABOUT THE UNIVERSE. -HUGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY WE CAN USE CAN BE FOUND BY FUSING TO ATOMS TOGETHER. UNDERSTANDING CHARGED PARTICLES AND THEIR MAGNETIC FORCES MAY HELP US TO ONE DAY FIND THIS SOLUTION. DO SECTION REVIEW 2-3 PAGE 58 # 1-4