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Copper Alloys and Microbial Ecosystems Harold Michels, PhD, PE Copper Development Association MetaSUB Summit, New York City, June 20, 2015 80% of infectious diseases transferred by touch* *TIERNO, P. (2001): The Secret Life of Germs. Atria Books: New York, NY, USA. 2 Germs can survive on surfaces for a long time 3 Rotavirus: 60 days VRE: 4 months Acinetobacter spp: 5 months C.diff spores: 5 months MRSA: 7 months E. coli: 16 months S. typhimurium: 4.2 years 1) KRAMER, A., SCHWEBKE, I. & KAMPF, G. 2006. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 6:130. What is Antimicrobial Copper? A family of EPARegistered copper alloys that intrinsically kill bacteria Solid, copper-based metal alloys (e.g. brass, bronze) Durable environmental surfaces Bent, formed, welded, cast, stamped, etc. Not a coating or surface treatment! 4 0 minutes 30 minutes 60 minutes 120 minutes Stainless Steel 31,300,000 CFUs 26,899,425 CFUs 25,933,468 CFUs 21,066,000 CFUs Antimicrobial Copper Antimicrobial Efficacy: E. Coli O157:H7 31,400,000 CFUs 1,600,000 CFUs 2,740 CFUs <0.1% CFUs Epifluorescence Images after Staining with Viability Fluorophore CTC 5 MRSA Count on Copper and Stainless Steel After 8 Inoculations Over 24 Hours Three required test protocols C110 Stainless Steel Bacteria Count (CFU/carrier) Efficacy 1.00E+08 as a Sanitizer Does it kill bacteria? 1.00E+07 Residual 1.00E+06 Self-Sanitizing Activity Is the antimicrobial property a 1.00E+05 permanent effect? 1.00E+04 Continuous Reduction of Bacteria 1.00E+03 Will it still clean after repeated contamination? 1.00E+02 0 6 12 Time (hours) 6 18 24 Norovirus unable to infect host cells after 2 hours exposure to copper surfaces at room temperature Stainless steel Infectious virus recovered from stainless steel surfaces 7 Copper No infectious virus recovered from copper surfaces Warnes SL, Keevil CW (2013) Inactivation of Norovirus on Dry Copper Alloy Surfaces. PLoS ONE 8(9): e75017. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075017 Clinical Testing of Antimicrobial Copper 8 Antimicrobial copper components in Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center 9 Bacteria decreased by 83% on copper surfaces 10 Schmidt et al. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50(7):2217-2223. Patients treated in ICU rooms with copper surfaces had significantly fewer infections Copper Rooms: 10 HAIs in 294 patients Control Rooms: 26 HAIs in 320 patients Normalize populations = 24 Infections in control rooms = 14 Infections prevented in copper rooms = 58% reduction in HAI (N=614, p=0.013) 11 Salgado et. al. Copper surfaces reduce the rate of healthcare-acquired infection in the intensive care unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Vol. 34, No. 5, May 2013, pp. 479-486 Investigating impact of copper surfaces on Healthcare Associated Infections over 1 year Do dirty surfaces cause HAIs? Can copper surfaces reduce HAIs? 12 Contaminated surfaces increase infection risk 13 Salgado et. al. Copper surfaces reduce the rate of healthcare-acquired infection in the intensive care unit. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, Vol. 34, No. 5, May 2013, pp. 479-486 Grand Central Terminal New York City How long will copper alloys retain their antimicrobial properties? 14 Grand Central Station, New York City 15 Brass retains antimicrobial efficacy throughout its lifetime 563 CFU/100cm2 1,866 CFU/100cm2 88 CFU/100cm2 51 CFU/100cm2 60+ year old brass hardware and railings Grand Central Station, New York City 16 While hospitals are the obvious place to focus, Antimicrobial Copper has many benefits to offer beyond the healthcare sector Industries where microbial contamination is a major issue and where antimicrobial surfaces have a role to play 17 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE PUBLIC BUILDINGS PUBLIC TRANSPORT Healthcare Associated Infections are costing society thousands of lives and billions of dollars Viruses caught in public buildings and malls are costing society millions of sick days Viruses caught in public buses and trains are costing society millions of sick days SCHOOLS FOOD & HOSPITALITY SPORTS FACILITIES Viruses caught in schools and day care are costing society millions of sick days Bacteria and viruses picked up in hotels and restaurants are costing lost business and society millions of sick days Viruses caught in gyms, leisure centers and locker rooms are costing society millions of sick days These are just some of the environments where microbes, including bacteria, viruses, molds and fungi are costing money and lives today. Details of the other environments are contained on our website. Thank you Harold Michels, PhD, PE [email protected] (212) 251-7224 www.copper.org www.AntimicrobialCopper.com 18