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Atoms and The Periodic Table Vocabulary Atom Building blocks of matter Proton Sub-atomic particle with positive (+) charge; located in nucleus of atom; determines identity of element Neutron Sub-atomic particle with no charge, located in the nucleus of the atom Electron Sub-atomic particle with negative charge; much smaller than protons and neutrons Nucleus Center of atom; made of protons and neutrons Valence Electron Electron found in outermost shell of an atom; determines atoms chemical properties Atomic Number Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass number Protons + neutrons Atomic Mass Weighted average of masses of isotopes of each atom Isotope Atom with same # of protons as other atoms of that element, but different # of neutrons Ion An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons; thus having a + or - charge Bohr Model Model used to visualize atomic structure Lewis Dot Structure Used to show number of valence electrons in an atom pH scale Scale used to show acidity or alkalinity of something. Acid Compound which increases H+ ions when dissolved in H2O Base Compound which increases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in H2O Gravitational Force Attraction of objects due to their masses and distance; weakest force Electromagnetic Force Like charges repel and opposite charges attract; Holds electrons around the nucleus Weak Nuclear Force Force responsible for radioactive decay. Strong Nuclear Force Holds the atomic nucleus together; Counteracts the electromagnetic force Periodic Table Table where elements are arranged by increasing atomic number Group Vertical (up and down) column of periodic table; elements in group share chemical properties (same # valence electrons) Period Horizontal row of elements in periodic table; = how many orbitals atoms have Metals Good conductors of heat and electricity; to left of stair step Non-metals usually gases or brittle solids at room temp; are poor conductors; to right of stair step Metalloids Have characteristics of metals and non-metals; make up stair step