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The Renaissance, The
Reformation and the Counter
Reformation
World Studies
Stankiewicz
Disclaimer
• Slides reflect the historic views at the time
and do not necessarily reflect any current
religious teaching
Unless I am convicted by scripture
and plain reason -- I do not accept
the authority of the popes and
councils, for they have contradicted
each other -- my conscience is
captive to the Word of God. I cannot
and I will not recant anything for to go
against conscience is neither right
nor safe. God help me. Amen.
Martin Luther
Essential Questions - 1
• What was the Renaissance?
• Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?
• What ideas influenced the Renaissance
scholars, artists and writers?
• How did the printing press and other
inventions transform Europe?
Essential Questions - 2
• What was the Reformation?
• Why did the Catholic Church face
widespread criticism in the Middle Ages?
• How did Martin Luther challenge the
authority of the Catholic Church?
• Why did England form a new Church
separate from the Catholic Church?
• What was the Counter-Reformation?
Renaissance - 1
• A time of _________________ in cultural,
political and ______________ in Europe
• __________ of culture after centuries of
chaos and disorder in the Middle Ages.
• Renaissance means ______________
Renaissance - 2
• Most important change
– The way people viewed themselves and their
world
• Explored the _____________________________
of human life
• New emphasis on intellectual achievement
• ______________________________________
– Columbus
– _________________________
– _________________________
Renaissance Begins in _________
-1
• Began in 1300s
• Spread north
• Reached its ________________________
Renaissance in Italy - 2
• Italy center of ancient
____________________________
• Natural it would start there
– Italy differed from most of Europe
– Most of its
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
Renaissance in Italy - 3
• Italian ___________________ prospered
• All centers of Renaissance
– Florence
– ___________________
– Genoa
– ___________________
Renaissance in Italy - 4
• Florence symbolizing Renaissance
• Produced a great number of gifted artists
• ________________ family sponsored the
arts
Golden Age of Renaissance Arts
-1
• Italian
– _______________________
– _______________________
– _______________________
– Raphael
– _______________________
Sandro Botticelli
• March 1, 1445 – May 17, 1510
• Italian painter of the
__________________ school during the
Early Renaissance
• Famous Works
– ____________________________________
– ____________________________________
Birth of Venus
The Primavera
Leonardo DaVinci
• April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian
scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor,
painter, sculptor, and architect,
• Often been described as the
______________________________________
__________________ a man whose
unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his
powers of invention
• He is widely considered to be one of the
________________________________ of all
time
Leonardo DaVinci Works
• Mona Lisa
The Last Supper by DaVinci
Michelangelo
• March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564),
• Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor,
architect, poet, and engineer
• Primary works
– _______________________
Michelangelo - Pieta
Raphael
• April 6 or March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520
• Italian painter and architect of the High
Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection
and grace of his paintings and drawings
• Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo
da Vinci, he forms the
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Raphael- School of Athens
Titian
• Tiziano Vecelli
• Born 1473/1490 - died 27 August 1576
• Known as _____________________ was
the leading painter of the 16th-century
Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance
• Works
– ___________________________
Titian- Assunta
Golden Age of Renaissance Arts
-2
• Northern Europe
– ________________________________
– ________________________________
Pieter Breugle the Elder
• c. 1525 – September 9 1569
• _______________________Renaissance
painter and printmaker
• Known for his
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Works
– The ________________________________
Breugle-The Peasant Wedding
Peter Paul Rubens
• (June 28, 1577 – May 30,
1640) was a prolific
seventeenth-century
____________________
Baroque painter
• Known for his
____________________
____________________,
portraits, landscapes, and
history paintings of
_________________ and
allegorical subjects
• Works
– Equestrian Portrait
Renaissance Writers
• Machiavelli
– ___________________________
• Erasmus
– Translation of Bible
• Sir Thomas Moore
– ___________________________
• Shakespeare
– __________________________
Renaissance Science
• Nicolaus Copernicus
(19 February 1473 – 24
May 1543) was the first
astronomer to theorize
• ____________________
______________
• Earth is not the center of
the
__________________
Renaissance Inventions
• _________________
– Johannes Gutenberg,
Mainz Germany
– Bible first book he
printed
– Impact:
• ___________________
• New Ideas spread
Reformation - 1
• Background
• ________________________ is the
premier church in Europe in Middle Ages
• Became somewhat corrupt
• Critics state the Catholic Church left the
job of saving souls and became a
__________________________________
__________________________________
Reformation - 2
• Critics believed many leaders of Catholic
Church were more interested in
___________________________ than
helping people’s __________________
needs
Reformation - 3
• Church needed to raise money for
_____________________
• Many schemes to get money from people
• __________________________ a
common practice
– Money for ___________________________
Reformation - 4
• Most infamous clergy
involved named
____________________
– priest
• “As soon as a coin in the
coffer rings, a soul from
purgatory springs”
– If you pay money you can
stay out of hell regardless
of how bad you are in life
Enter Martin Luther
• Practices such as
_________________
mad many priests and
people upset
• Man who triggered
revolt against these
abuses was
_________________
_________________
Luther
•
•
•
•
Son of middle class German family
Became a _________________________
Doubts about faith
Grew ___________________with Catholic
church
• Sought a more loving God
Luther
• Reacted to Tetzel’s
indulgences
• Thought indulgences
were not true
penance
• Luther made a list of
___________ against
abuses by church
– ________________
95 Theses
• Printed and distributed throughout Europe
• Church asked him to recant
– He did not
– Was ________________________________
– Branded an outlaw
Luther Saved
• Luther had many ____________________
• Luther had many _________________ too
• Saved by Prince Frederick of Saxony
Luther’s Teachings
• Argued salvation could be saved by
______________________________
• Rejected the church belief that
___________________________ were
necessary for salvation
• ______________ only source of religious truth
• Rejected belief that priest had __________
– All could be equally saved
Luther’s Teachings
• Bible should be in _________________ of
people
• No indulgences
• Rejected seven sacraments of Catholic
Church
• No ________________________
Luther’s Teachings Spread
• Lots of followers
– Especially in Scandinavia and Northern
Germany
• Violence
Other Reformers
• John Calvin
_________________
• John Knox
Presbyterianism
Reformation in England
• England a _________
Country in 1520’s
• England had many
reformers
• Final Break not led by
a religious man
– By Henry VIII
Henry VIII
• Once a ______________ Catholic
• Named defender of the faith
– Denounced _______________________
• All changed in 1527
Henry VIII
•
•
•
•
•
Needs a ________________ heir
Catherine of Aragon cannot produce a son
Asks Pope for an ___________________
Pope _______________________
Henry Angry
Henry VIII
• Decides to take
__________________________________
__________________________________
• Under his personal control
• Act of _____________________________
Church of England
• Henry no a religious
radical
• Kept most
_________________
________________
• Book of common
prayer
Catholic Reformation
• Catholics reformed Church
• Pope Paul III
– Appointed reformers
• Said salvation came from _____________
• Bible major source of religious truth
– ________________________
• End abuses
– Stuff penalties for _____________________
Catholic Church Counter
Reformation
• Still had some
problems
• _________________
• Reforms stopped
_______________
tide
– Some areas even
returned to
Catholicism
Catholics vs. Protestants
• Both intolerant
– __________________ suffered
• Both took years to completely reform
Summary