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The Renaissance, The Reformation and the Counter Reformation World Studies Stankiewicz Disclaimer • Slides reflect the historic views at the time and do not necessarily reflect any current religious teaching Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason -- I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other -- my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen. Martin Luther Essential Questions - 1 • What was the Renaissance? • Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy? • What ideas influenced the Renaissance scholars, artists and writers? • How did the printing press and other inventions transform Europe? Essential Questions - 2 • What was the Reformation? • Why did the Catholic Church face widespread criticism in the Middle Ages? • How did Martin Luther challenge the authority of the Catholic Church? • Why did England form a new Church separate from the Catholic Church? • What was the Counter-Reformation? Renaissance - 1 • A time of _________________ in cultural, political and ______________ in Europe • __________ of culture after centuries of chaos and disorder in the Middle Ages. • Renaissance means ______________ Renaissance - 2 • Most important change – The way people viewed themselves and their world • Explored the _____________________________ of human life • New emphasis on intellectual achievement • ______________________________________ – Columbus – _________________________ – _________________________ Renaissance Begins in _________ -1 • Began in 1300s • Spread north • Reached its ________________________ Renaissance in Italy - 2 • Italy center of ancient ____________________________ • Natural it would start there – Italy differed from most of Europe – Most of its ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ Renaissance in Italy - 3 • Italian ___________________ prospered • All centers of Renaissance – Florence – ___________________ – Genoa – ___________________ Renaissance in Italy - 4 • Florence symbolizing Renaissance • Produced a great number of gifted artists • ________________ family sponsored the arts Golden Age of Renaissance Arts -1 • Italian – _______________________ – _______________________ – _______________________ – Raphael – _______________________ Sandro Botticelli • March 1, 1445 – May 17, 1510 • Italian painter of the __________________ school during the Early Renaissance • Famous Works – ____________________________________ – ____________________________________ Birth of Venus The Primavera Leonardo DaVinci • April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, painter, sculptor, and architect, • Often been described as the ______________________________________ __________________ a man whose unquenchable curiosity was equaled only by his powers of invention • He is widely considered to be one of the ________________________________ of all time Leonardo DaVinci Works • Mona Lisa The Last Supper by DaVinci Michelangelo • March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564), • Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer • Primary works – _______________________ Michelangelo - Pieta Raphael • April 6 or March 28, 1483 – April 6, 1520 • Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings • Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, he forms the __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ Raphael- School of Athens Titian • Tiziano Vecelli • Born 1473/1490 - died 27 August 1576 • Known as _____________________ was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venetian school of the Italian Renaissance • Works – ___________________________ Titian- Assunta Golden Age of Renaissance Arts -2 • Northern Europe – ________________________________ – ________________________________ Pieter Breugle the Elder • c. 1525 – September 9 1569 • _______________________Renaissance painter and printmaker • Known for his __________________________________ __________________________________ • Works – The ________________________________ Breugle-The Peasant Wedding Peter Paul Rubens • (June 28, 1577 – May 30, 1640) was a prolific seventeenth-century ____________________ Baroque painter • Known for his ____________________ ____________________, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of _________________ and allegorical subjects • Works – Equestrian Portrait Renaissance Writers • Machiavelli – ___________________________ • Erasmus – Translation of Bible • Sir Thomas Moore – ___________________________ • Shakespeare – __________________________ Renaissance Science • Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was the first astronomer to theorize • ____________________ ______________ • Earth is not the center of the __________________ Renaissance Inventions • _________________ – Johannes Gutenberg, Mainz Germany – Bible first book he printed – Impact: • ___________________ • New Ideas spread Reformation - 1 • Background • ________________________ is the premier church in Europe in Middle Ages • Became somewhat corrupt • Critics state the Catholic Church left the job of saving souls and became a __________________________________ __________________________________ Reformation - 2 • Critics believed many leaders of Catholic Church were more interested in ___________________________ than helping people’s __________________ needs Reformation - 3 • Church needed to raise money for _____________________ • Many schemes to get money from people • __________________________ a common practice – Money for ___________________________ Reformation - 4 • Most infamous clergy involved named ____________________ – priest • “As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs” – If you pay money you can stay out of hell regardless of how bad you are in life Enter Martin Luther • Practices such as _________________ mad many priests and people upset • Man who triggered revolt against these abuses was _________________ _________________ Luther • • • • Son of middle class German family Became a _________________________ Doubts about faith Grew ___________________with Catholic church • Sought a more loving God Luther • Reacted to Tetzel’s indulgences • Thought indulgences were not true penance • Luther made a list of ___________ against abuses by church – ________________ 95 Theses • Printed and distributed throughout Europe • Church asked him to recant – He did not – Was ________________________________ – Branded an outlaw Luther Saved • Luther had many ____________________ • Luther had many _________________ too • Saved by Prince Frederick of Saxony Luther’s Teachings • Argued salvation could be saved by ______________________________ • Rejected the church belief that ___________________________ were necessary for salvation • ______________ only source of religious truth • Rejected belief that priest had __________ – All could be equally saved Luther’s Teachings • Bible should be in _________________ of people • No indulgences • Rejected seven sacraments of Catholic Church • No ________________________ Luther’s Teachings Spread • Lots of followers – Especially in Scandinavia and Northern Germany • Violence Other Reformers • John Calvin _________________ • John Knox Presbyterianism Reformation in England • England a _________ Country in 1520’s • England had many reformers • Final Break not led by a religious man – By Henry VIII Henry VIII • Once a ______________ Catholic • Named defender of the faith – Denounced _______________________ • All changed in 1527 Henry VIII • • • • • Needs a ________________ heir Catherine of Aragon cannot produce a son Asks Pope for an ___________________ Pope _______________________ Henry Angry Henry VIII • Decides to take __________________________________ __________________________________ • Under his personal control • Act of _____________________________ Church of England • Henry no a religious radical • Kept most _________________ ________________ • Book of common prayer Catholic Reformation • Catholics reformed Church • Pope Paul III – Appointed reformers • Said salvation came from _____________ • Bible major source of religious truth – ________________________ • End abuses – Stuff penalties for _____________________ Catholic Church Counter Reformation • Still had some problems • _________________ • Reforms stopped _______________ tide – Some areas even returned to Catholicism Catholics vs. Protestants • Both intolerant – __________________ suffered • Both took years to completely reform Summary