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Endocrine: Chemical Messages Hormones coordinate activities in different parts of the body regulate energy use, metabolism, and growth also maintain homeostasis Endocrine glands secrete hormones chemical signals that are carried by blood and cause specific changes in target cells Endocrine: vs Nervous Both communication but: Endocrine take longer for effect b/c needs to be made and travels through blood stream throughout body and causes protein synthesis longer lasting because hormones can trigger protein production that lasts long time Endocrine: vs Exocrine No hormones – release chemicals through ducts instead of hormones through blood stream ex. Pancreas release enzymes into small intestine via duct Endocrine: Glands Endocrine: Hormones Hormone released by glands and travel through bloodstream to target cells Target cells have SPECIFIC receptors Endocrine: Hormones Protein vs Steroid Endocrine: Hormones Proteins - Most hormones are amino acids bind to receptor proteins in target-cell plasma membrane Initiate signaltransduction pathways, cause changes inside target cell Steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors steroid-receptor complex binds to DNA, turning specific genes on or off Desired outcome takes longer than protein hormone Only the sex glands and the adrenal cortex secrete steroid hormone Table 26.3 Table 26.3, part 2 Endocrine: Hypothalamus Hypothalamus - master control center of the endocrine system Regulates posterior and anterior pituitary gland Endocrine: Pituitary Glands Both Pituitary Glands release when they receive message from the Hypothalamus Posterior Pituitary Glands: stores and releases hormones made by hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Glands: makes own hormones Endocrine: Posterior Pituitary Gland Oxytocin ADH: antidiuretic hormone Endocrine: Anterior Pituitary Gland FLAT PEG FSH: follicle stimulating LH: lutenizing ACTH: adrenocorticotropic TSH: thyroid stimulating Prolactin Endorphins Growth Hormone Endocrine: Negative Feedback Mechanism Normal Negative Feedback Abnormal (Goiter) Endocrine: Thyroid Thyroid gland releases Thyroxine Regulates development and metabolism Endocrine: Regulating Calcium Levels Calcitonin Parathyroid Hormone Endocrine: Regulating Blood Sugar Levels Insulin Glucagon Endocrine: Regulating Blood Sugar Levels Blood glucose levels controlled by two hormones secreted by pancreas Insulin: lowers blood sugar level - signals cells to use and store glucose as glycogen in liver Glucagon: raises blood sugar level - signals cells to release stored glycogen from liver into blood Endocrine: Diabetes Diabetes (2 types): body cells unable to absorb glucose from blood Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes Autoimmune disease: pancreatic beta cells destroyed, not enough insulin produced Often develops before age 15 Patient requires insulin supplement, often by injection Endocrine: Diabetes Body cells unable to absorb glucose from blood Type I (insulindependent) diabetes Autoimmune disease: pancreatic beta cells destroyed, not enough insulin produced Often develops before age 15 Patient requires insulin supplement, often by injection Type II (non-insulindependent) diabetes Pancreatic cells function properly; sufficient amounts of insulin produced Body cells fail to respond to insulin Accounts for 90% of diabetes cases in the United States Associated with obesity Often develops after age 40 Endocrine: Stress Hormones (Adrenal Gland) Adrenal gland hormones - maintain homeostasis when body under stress Adrenal Medulla: Short Term Stress Adrenal Cortex: Long Term Stress Endocrine: Stress Hormones Adrenal medulla Nervous signals from hypothalamus stimulate secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine Trigger quickly fight or flight response Adrenal cortex Chemical signals (ACTH) stimulate secretion of corticosteroids glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids Corticosteroids boost blood pressure and energy in response to long-term stress Stimulates ADH production Endocrine: Stress Hormones (Adrenal Glands) Endocrine: Stress Hormones Athletes often take glucocorticoids Relieve pain and inflammation But they also mask injury and suppress immunity Example: cortisone Endocrine: Sex Hormones Gonads – secrete sex hormones (steroid hormones) Secretion controlled by hypothalamus and pituitary Steroid hormones found in both sexes but in different proportions estrogens progestins androgens Endocrine: Sex Hormones Estrogen and progestins maintain the female reproductive system stimulate the development of female characteristics Androgens, such as testosterone, trigger the development of male characteristics In male elephant seals, androgens account for bodies weighing 2 tons or more, a thick hide, and aggressive behavior