Download Unit 10 ~ Learning Guide Name

BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Unit 10 ~ Learning Guide
Name:________________
INSTRUCTIONS
Complete the following notes and questions as you work through the related lessons.
You are required to have this package completed BEFORE you write your unit test. Do
your best and ask questions about anything that you don't understand BEFORE you
write the unit test.
U10L1 NOTES: INTRODUCTION (web notes)
1. Left and Right Atria: ____________
______________
• Right:_____________________
_________________________
_________________________.
• Left:
Collects blood from
_________________________
_________________________.
2. Left
and
Right
Ventricles:
____________________________
• Right: Sends blood to the
_____________
via
the
Pulmonary Trunk.
• Left: Sends blood to the
_______________ via the Aorta
3. Atrioventricular Valves: Valves
between the _________________
___________________________.
• Prevent
_______________________ of blood
• Right hand side "_______________________ cusps, or flaps
• Left hands side "__________________" - two cusps
4. Chordae Tendineae: Strong, Fibrous strings that support the _________ Valve.
• Keeps the valves from _____________________ with the force of blood flow.
5. Semi-Lunar Valves: Between __________________________________________
______________________________________________.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
•
•
Prevents backflow of blood from ______________________________________.
Prevents backflow of blood from ______________________________________.
6. Pulmonary Trunk - Branches off to form the ______________________________.
• _____________________________ from the right ventricle.
7. Septum - The wall of the ______________.
• Separates the __________ and _____________ sides of the Heart
Please click on the following link for detailed information and video on heart
structure/function before attempting the practice:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U10L1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION
1. Complete the following table. (14 marks)
HEART STRUCTUE
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTION
right atrium
top right chamber
collects deoxygenated blood from
body
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
coronary arteries
coronary veins
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
aorta
atrioventricular valves
chordae tendineae
semi-lunar valves
septum
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U10L2 NOTES: THE HEART (web notes)
Cardiac Cycle and Intrinsic Beat
Contraction
of
the
heart
is
_____________________________ process.
• _____________ - Contraction of the
Heart
• _____________ - Relaxation of the
Heart
Each Heartbeat (Cardiac Cycle) Consists of:
TIME
0.15 Sec
0.30 Sec
0.40 Sec
=0.85 Sec
ATRIA
Systole
Diastole
Diastole
VENTRICLES
Diastole
Systole
Diastole
Average rate of 70 beats per min
The __________________ have a _______________________________ contraction
because blood must be pumped throughout the body.
The _________________ sound of the heart is due to the closing of the valves: First the
_______________________________, then the semi-lunar.
The beat of the heart is said to be intrinsic. It will beat ________________________
________________________________ (meaning it can be removed from the body and
still continue beating).
The beat is controlled by a special type of tissue called ____________________, which
has both _______________ and ___________________ tissue characteristics
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
There are two locations of Nodal Tissue in the Heart:
1. SA Node (__________________
Node)
• Found in the upper wall of
the __________________
_____________________.
2. AV Node (___________________
_______________________)
• Found at the bottom of the
______________________
near the septum
The SA Node (also called the
_______________)
initiates
the
heartbeat
and
sends
out
an
____________________________________ every 0.85 seconds. The impulse causes
both atria to ____________________. The impulses are sent to the AV Node via the
_______________________________________ (aka the antrioventricular bundle).
When the impulse reaches the AV Node, an impulse is sent from the AV Node, up the
Purkinje Fibers (found in the walls of the ventricles and the septum) which stimulates
both ____________________________________ to contract from bottom upwards.
An ________________________ registers
the _________________ changes across the
surface of the heart as it __________. The
letters _______________ are the standard
labels used to identify the parts of the
________.
The P Curve records the ________________
_______________ of the __________ as they
drive the blood out into their ventricles.
The QRS is the ________________________
________________________ as they drive
the blood out into their respective arteries.
Note the much higher peak of the QRS phase
of the cardiac cycle in the picture to the right.
This is due to the much longer stronger
contraction
of
the
ventricles
pushing
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blood
out
of
the
heart.
BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
The T marks the ___________________ of the Ventricles (restoration of the normal
electrical condition, preparing them for the next contraction).
Autonomic Control of the Heart
The rate of the heart can also be
controlled by the ________________
___________________________.
The heart rate center is located in the
_______________________________
of the brain. The SA Node is connected
to the brain by the Vagus nerve (cranial
nerve #10). This nerve pathway, part of
the ____________________________
________________________ (not under conscious control), has two system that affect
the Heart Rate:
1. Parasympathetic System - ________________________________________.
2. Sympathetic System - Causes the heart beat to ______________ during
times of stress.
Factors such as need for _____________ or the blood pressure level determine which
of these systems become active.
When the brain perceives that the blood is getting delivered to the tissues too slowly, or
if blood pressure is low, the brain will signal the ________________________________
___________________________________________.
Blood Pressure
Ventricles pump a volume of blood (__________________) each time they contract.
The arteries must have ____________________________________________ to
withstand this pressure. The force of blood against the blood vessel walls is simply
known as ___________________________________. Blood pressure is not constant.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
The term systolic pressure (or Systole) refers to the
___________________________________________
This is the highest blood pressure reading.
The term diastolic pressure (diastole) refers to the
blood pressure when _________________________
_______________. This is the lowest blood pressure
reading.
Pulse: As blood is pumped through arteries, the
_____________
____________________, and then recoil. This
swelling can be felt in any artery that runs close to the
surface.
Blood pressure is normally measured along the _______________________________
of the arm. A reading of ______________ is quite normal.
•
•
120 = Systolic Reading as ventricles contract
80 = Diastolic Reading as the ventricles relax
A number of things can affect the blood pressure:
Hypertension - _____________________________
Example: 140/90 or 125/90
Diet and lifestyle are often to blame for elevated blood
pressure
Reasons:
• Stress
• Plaques - ______________________________
• _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
__________________. (Arteriosclerosis) (Strokes, heart attacks...)
• High Salt intake - retain water - _____________
• _______________________________________.
• Smoking
• Stimulants
• Lack of exercise
• Diet - amount and type
• Working too hard
• Age, Sex, Race
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
Hypotension - _______________________
• ______________________________________________________________
o Example: 110/70
Reasons:
• ______________________________________________________________
• _________________
• _________________
Proper kidney function can only be maintained if there is a sufficient _______________
______________________ for filtration.
Luckily the body can adjust blood pressure. Monitored by the _____________________
(part of the brain), the body can dilate (widen) arterioles thus _____________________
_________________ pressure in them, or constrict (narrow) them to _______________
______________________________________.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U10L2 PRACTICE: THE HEART
1. Compare and contrast the terms systole and diastole:
a. in relation to the heart itself (2 marks)
b. in relation to blood pressure readings. (2 marks)
2. The "lub-dub" sound of the heart is caused by the _______________________
closing and then the ________________________ closing. (2 marks)
3. Describe the nodal tissue of the heart including what it is, where it is found and
what it does. (3 marks)
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
4. Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control of the heart beat
and briefly explain how each is achieved. (6 marks)
5. Maintaining appropriate blood pressure in necessary to good health:
a. What is considered "normal" blood pressure for an adult human? (1 mark)
b. Define hypotension and its possible drawbacks. (2 marks)
c. Define hypertension and identify some possible causes. (4 marks)
~ END OF BIOLOGY 12 UNIT 10 LEARNING GUIDE ~
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
UNIT 10 ANSWER KEY
U10L1 PRACTICE: INTRODUCTION
2. Complete the following table. (14 marks)
HEART STRUCTUE
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTION
right atrium
top right chamber
collects deoxygenated blood from body
left atrium
Top left chamber
Collects oxygenated blood from lungs
right ventricle
Bottom right chamber
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
left ventricle
Bottom left chamber
Pumps oxygenated blood to body
coronary arteries
On/in cardiac muscle
Supplies oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle
coronary veins
On/in cardiac muscle
Removes deoxygenated blood from cardiac
muscle
superior vena cava
From upper body, enters right
atrium
Collects deoxygenated blood from upper body
and delivers to right atrium
inferior vena cava
From lower body, enters right
atrium
Collects deoxygenated blood from lower body
and delivers to right atrium
pulmonary vein
Exits lung to left atrium
Carries oxygenated blood from lung to left
atrium
pulmonary artery
Exits right ventricle to lungs
Carries deoxygenated blood from right
ventricle to lungs
aorta
Exits left ventricle to body
Carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle
to body
atrioventricular valves
Between atria and ventricles
(aka AV valves)
Prevents backflow of blood from ventricles to
atria when ventricle contract
chordae tendineae
Attached to AV valves
Ensues AV valves remain closed when ventricle
contract
semi-lunar valves
In aorta and pulmonary artery
Prevent backflow of blood from aorta and
pulmonary artery into ventricles due to gravity
septum
Between left and right
chambers
Prevents
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
U10L2 PRACTICE: THE HEART
1. Compare and contrast the terms systole and diastole:
a. in relation to the heart itself (2 marks)
systole = contraction of cardiac muscle…either of atria or ventricles
diastole = relaxation of cardiac muscle…either of atria or ventricles
b. in relation to blood pressure readings. (2 marks)
systole = in blood pressure readings refers to the pressure that results
specifically from contraction of the ventricles (represents the higher blood
pressure number listed on top of the reading…for example 120/80 mm Hg
means the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg)
diastole = in blood pressure readings refers to the pressure that results
specifically from relaxation of the ventricles (represents the lower blood
pressure number listed on bottom of the reading…for example 120/80 mm
Hg means the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg)
2. The "lub-dub" sound of the heart is caused by the _______________________ closing and then
the ___________________________________ closing. (2 marks)
3. Describe the nodal tissue of the heart including what it is, where it is found and what it does. (3
marks)
= combination of nerve and muscle tissue within the right atria of the heart
= controls the heart beat…the sinoatrial node (SA) in the top right of the right
atrium is called the pacemaker and initiates atrial contraction (from the top of the
atria downwards) approximately every 0.8 seconds whereas the Atrioventricular
node (AV node) is near the bottom left of the right atrium and collects the
electrical signal to pass on to the atrioventrical bundle (AV bundle) so that ventricle
contraction can be initiated from the bottom of the ventricles upwards.
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BCLN BIOLOGY 12 – Rev July 2014
4. Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control of the heart beat and briefly explain
how each is achieved. (6 marks)
Intrinsic control = regulation of the heart beat by nodal tissue within the heart
itself, this is regulated by the sinoatrial node which initiates atrial contraction
approximately every 0.8 seconds, atrial contraction then triggers ventricle
contraction via the AV node  AV bundle  Purkinje fibres
Extrinsic control = regulation of the heart beat by the brain, this is regulated when
the cardiac centre of the medulla oblongata either triggers the parasympathetic
system to release acetylcholine from the Vagus nerve and thus, slow the signals
from the SA and AV nodes (decreasing heart rate) or triggers the sympathetic
system to release norepinephrine from the accelerator nerve and thus, speed up the
signals from the SA and AV node (increasing heart rate).
Whether the
parasympathetic or sympathetic response is triggered depends on blood pressure
and CO 2 , O 2 and H+ levels in the blood.
5. Maintaining appropriate blood pressure in necessary to good health:
a. What is considered "normal" blood pressure for an adult human? (1 mark)
= 120/80 mm Hg
b. Define hypotension and its possible drawbacks. (2 marks)
= low blood pressure (below 90/60 mm Hg)
= dizziness, fainting, difficulty concentratin, blurred vision, nausea, fatigue,
depression, thirst
= may indicate improper heart beat or dehydration
c. Define hypertension and identify some possible causes. (4 marks)
=high blood pressure (below140/100 mm Hg)
= high salt diet leading to water retention in blood, presence of plaques in
arteries causing narrowing of the artery
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