Download Warm-Up Question - Ms. Peterman`s Class

■ Essential Question:
–What were the lasting characteristics
of the Roman Republic & the Roman
Empire?
■ Warm-Up Question:
–What is the difference
between “Greek democracy”
& the “Roman republic”?
–Name 3 ideas the Romans
borrowed from the Greeks
In 60 BCE a military leader
named Julius Caesar joined
forces with Crassus, wealthy
Roman, and Pompey, a popular
general.
In 59 BCE Caesar was elected
Consul. For the next 10 years
these men dominated Rome
as a triumvirate, a group of
three rulers.
Caesar was
a strongwith
leader
a military
genius.
Caesar
marched
hisand
army
toward
RomeAfter
andserving
the traditional
year astroops
consul defeated
he appointed
himself
Pompey
fled. one
Caesar’s
Pompey’s
governorinofGreece,
Gaul (now
France).
armies
Asia,
Spain and Egypt.
Pompey, who had become Caesar’s
rival, feared Caesar’s ambition so he
convinced the senate to order
Caesar to disband his army and
return home.
The Rise & Fall of Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar took
advantage of the chaos in
Rome & was named
dictator in 46 BCE by the
Senate.
He initiated a series of reforms.
• He offered Roman citizenship to
conquered people,
• created new jobs through
building projects,
• started colonies where people
without land could own
property,
• and he increased pay for
soldiers.
Plot against Caesar
■Many Senators feared Caesar’s
popularity & power as dictator of
Rome.
■Several senators led by Marcus
Brutus and Gaius Cassius, plotted his
assassination.
In 44 B.C., Senators assassinated Julius Caesar
The assassination led to another civil war
led by Caesar’s adopted nephew Octavian &
his best general, Marc Antony
End of the Republic & Rise of the Empire
■ Caesar’s death changed Rome:
– People no longer trusted the Senate to rule
Rome & the Roman Republic came to an
end & the empire began
The Second Triumvirate
■Three of Caesar’s supporters band
together to crush the assassins.
– Caesar’s 18 year old grandnephew/adopted son
Octavian
– Experienced General Mark Antony
– Powerful politician Lepidus.
■
They formed the Second Triumvirate
& ruled Rome for 10 years.
The End of the Second Triumvirate
The Second Triumvirate ended in jealousy and
violence. Octavian forced Lepidus to retire.
Mark Antony & Octavian then become rivals.
Mark Antony met Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, fell in love and
followed her to Egypt. Octavian accused Antony of plotting to
rule from Egypt and another civil war erupted.
Octavian defeated the combined forces of Antony
and Cleopatra at the naval battle of Actium in 41
BCE. Later Cleopatra and Antony commit suicide.
The Rise of the Roman Empire
Octavian emerged as the
unchallenged leader of Rome,
was given the title Augustus
(“Exalted One”), & became
Rome’s first emperor
Under Augustus, Rome was
ruled as an empire; the Senate
still met but the emperor had
all the real power
The Pax Romana
Augustus’ 41 year reign marked the beginning
of a 207-year era of peace, wealth, & expansion
known as the Pax Romana (“the Roman Peace”)
from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.
Pax Romana
During the Pax Romana, the
empire expanded to its height &
brought great wealth to Rome
The Pax Romana became the “golden age” of
Rome as emperors like Augustus built roads &
a merit-based bureaucracy to rule the empire
Roads connected the Roman empire to far-flung
places such as Persia and Southern Russia.
Roman aqueducts brought water to cities
Roman architects used new styles like
domes & concrete to beautify cities
Agriculture was the most important industry in
Farming
the Roman Empire; 90% of people in the
empire farmed.
The denarius, a
silver coin, was
used throughout
the empire
which made
trade easier.
Roman Way of Life
■ There was a large gap between the rich
and the poor, and classes had little in
common.
–The rich spent large amounts of money
on homes, gardens, slaves, and
luxuries.
–The poor (most people) barely had the
necessities. The government
supported these people with daily
rations of grain (food).
To distract and control the masses Emperors built
arenas, like the Coliseums, & used chariot races,
gladiator events, & theater to entertain the poor.
The
Sometimes strong healthy male slaves
became gladiators, and could earn their
Roman
Coliseum
freedom.
Slavery was a significant part of Roman life,
and was important to the economy.
–Slaves made up
one third of the
population.
–Slaves tried to
rebel but their
revolts were
unsuccessful.
Conclusions
■ Rome expanded from a city, to
a republic, to an empire
–The era of the Roman
Republic introduced
representative democracy
–The era of the Roman Empire
sparked the Pax Romana &
the “golden age” of Roman
innovation & culture
Closure Activity
■Would you rather live during the
Roman Republic or the Empire?
–Provide at least 3 reasons why