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Behavioral Views of Learning Woolfolk, A. (2006). Educational psychology (11th Ed.). Allyn bacon (Ch.6 p.198-206) 1 Objectives What is learning according to behavioral psychology according to Skinner? From a behavioral perspective how should teaching be carried out? What are your thoughts about Skinner’s behaviorism? Do you agree or not? What are some real life examples of Skinner’s oper ant conditioning? 2 Basic assumptions of behaviorism Everything is learned Non-mentality The mechanisms of learning is the same for all creatures including humans. 3 Behavioral Theories of Education Behaviorism Classical Conditioning/ Law of Effect Operant Conditioning Pavlov (1849~1936) Skinner (1904~1990) http://www.fotopedia.com/items/soleils-S82idIc5wY0 http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:B.F._Skinner_at_Harvard_circa_1950.jpg 4 Early Explanations of Learning: Contiguity and Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Stimulus Response Learning of involuntary emotional or physiological responses Humans and Animals can be trained to react involuntarily 5 Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) 스크린 먹이접시 기록계 비이커 Pavlov Learning is the result of the association of an Conditional stimulus to an unconditional stimulus. 6 Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) Before conditi oning X Sound of bell (Neutral Stimulus) Unconditioned Saliva Response (UCR) Food (Unconditioned S) UCS During Sound of bell (Neutral Stimulus) Repetition Saliva Food (Unconditioned S) UCS After Sound of bell (Conditioned Stimulus) Saliva CS 7 Conditioned Response(CR) Operant Conditioning (Skinner) http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Boite_skinner.jpg 8 Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses Learning by strengthening voluntary behaviors Antecedents Behavior (Operant) Consequences (Reinforcers) 9 Operant Conditioning Reinforcement always increases a desired behavior Punishment always decreases an undesired behavior Give Take a way Positive Negative Positive Reinforce ment Punishment Punishment Negative Reinforcement 10 Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses Learning by strengthening voluntary behaviors Positive Reinforcement Increases a behavior by adding a desired consequence Negative Reinforcement Increases a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus Punishment Presentation Removal 11 Putting It All Together: Behavioral Approaches To Tea ching And Management Individualized instruction Contingency Contracts Token Reinforcements Important to be sure that teaching methods and practices are accurate 12 Limitations Can it explain complex human behavior? Learning = Behavior? 13