Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Christopher Columbus 1451-1506 Great explorer INTRODUCTION Christopher Columbus was possibly one of the greatest explorers ever known. BACKGROUND Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451, and died on May 20, 1506. Columbus was married in 1479. His wife, Dona Felipa, died after his son was born. Christopher Columbus had two brothers. His dad was a weaver. When Columbus was older he helped his dad on the loom. He had little education and only when he was an adult, learned to read and write. He believed that the world was round, not flat, and tried for seven years to prove his point. Columbus always wanted to go to sea. Columbus believed that he could find India by sailing westward. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Christopher Columbus was one of the greatest sea men and explorers. He was granted three ships for his first voyage. They were the Pinta, the Santa Maria, and the Nina. On his first voyage he traveled west and found an island in the Bahamas. Columbus landed in the New World on October 12, 1492. On the second voyage he passed Puerto Rico and Navidad on November 27-28. On his third voyage he found South America, and Jamaica. On his fourth and last voyage, Columbus found Guanaja Island, and Honduras in Central America. Christopher Columbus tried to reach India but instead found the New World. In the West Indies he saw foods such as pineapples, sweet potatoes, and corn. Columbus used a sand glass to time the speed of the ship. In Cuba he found Indians smoking the plant known as tobacco. IMPACT Christopher Columbus discovered the coast of South America. He also discovered the West Indies and Central America. He discovered the Bahamas, Cuba, and Haiti. This picture was painted because Columbus found the New World. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Cox, F Kenneth. Human Heritage. Toronto, Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1983, pp. 473-474. 2. Grant, Neil. The Great Atlas of Discovery. Toronto, The Canadian Publishers, 1992, pp. 24-25. 3. King, Cliea. Seven Great Explorations. Vancouver, Raincoast Books, 1996, pp. 9-12. 4. "Christopher Columbus." World Book Encyclopedia. 1990, pp. 854-864. 5. Dick, Stevens J. "Christopher Columbus." Groiler Electronic Publishing, Inc., 1995. Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus Picture of Christopher Columbus Interesting Facts, Picture and information about Christopher Columbus Short Biography about the life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator Facts, Timeline & History Christopher Columbus Major voyages of discovery and exploration Famous Explorer - Timeline, Story and Biography The Age of Exploration Elizabethan Era Index Christopher Columbus Biography, Timeline & Facts about the famous explorer, explorations & voyages in the Age of Exploration Christopher Columbus Ships Short Biography of the life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator The following biography information provides basic facts about the life Christopher Columbus: Nationality - Born in Italy. Lived in Portugal and in Spain. Patrons - King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain Lifespan - 1451 - 1506 Family - Respectable, but impoverished family. Christopher Columbus was the eldest of five children. Christopher Columbus had two sons by different mothers. His heir was Diego Columbus (1480 - 1526). His second and favorite son was Ferdinand, better known as Fernando ( 1488 - 1539) Education - Limited due to lack of money in the family Career - Explorer and Navigator Famous for discovering the New World, yet he died thinking he had reached the Indies. A man called Regiomontanus was famous as a Medieval Scientist, Mathematician and Astronomer. His book Ephemerides was used by Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci to measure longitudes in their explorations of the New World. The Ships of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator The names of the Ships of Christopher Columbus: The Nina The Pinta The Santa Maria Facts & History about the Early life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator The following are facts and dates in a timeline format telling the story about the early life and history of Christopher Columbus: 1451 Christopher Columbus was born in the Italian port of Genoa, the son of a wool merchant called Domenico Colombo His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of a woollens merchant. Christopher Columbus had three younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo, and a sister, Bianchinetta Columbus 1467 Christopher Columbus travelled to Iceland when he was sixteen years old 1470 The Columbus family moved to Savona Christopher Columbus travelled the seas as a pirate, or Privateer, attacking ships belonging to the Moors 1476 Christopher Columbus ship is sunk in a battle off Portugal, but he swims ashore 1477 Christopher Columbus joined his brother Bartholomew who worked as a cartographer, in Lisbon 1479 Christopher Columbus married wealthy Felipa Perestrello Moniz, a daughter from a noble Portuguese family Felipa's father was Bartolomeu Perestrello an explorer who had been involved with the discovery of the Madeira Islands ( Bartolomeu Perestrello had died when Felipa was a young girl) Felipa gave Christopher Columbus Bartolomeu Perestrello's charts of the winds and currents of the Portuguese possessions in the Atlantic 1480 Christopher Columbus and Felipa had a son who they named Diego Colon 1484 Christopher Columbus failed to get the King of Portugal to back his plan to search for a fast trade route to the Indies 1485 Christopher Columbus wife Felipa dies of consumption 1485 Christopher Columbus moves to Cadiz in Spain opening another shop supplying maps and charts 1486 Columbus begins his relationship with Dona Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, a lady of a noble family from Cordova in Spain 1486 Columbus first petitions his plans to the Spanish court but is refused 1487 He was in the service of the Duke of Medina Celi, Don Luis de la Cerda 1487 Columbus submits his plans to King Henry VII of England and King Charles VIII of France but they both decline his proposals 1488 His second and favorite son Ferdinand, better known as Fernando ( 1488 - 1539) was born. His mother was Dona Beatriz Enriquez 1491 Columbus again appealed to King Ferdinand taking his son Diego with him but he was again refused 1491 A priest called Father Perez interceded on behalf of Columbus and pleaded with Queen Isabella to fund Columbus who, if he succeed would be able to convert heathen races to Christianity 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain finally give Christopher Columbus the money and ships Both the sons of Christopher Columbus served as pages to Prince Juan, the son of the King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella 1492 August Columbus leaves Palos, Spain in search of the Indies Timeline, Facts & History about the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World Christopher Columbus ship was called the Santa Maria. It was completely decked and carried the flag of Columbus as admiral. His son, Fernando accompanied Columbus The other two ships, the Pinta, and the Nina, were undecked caravels with cabins and forecastles Martin Alonso Pinzon commanded the Pinta and his brother, Vicente Yanez Pinzon commanded the Nina Christopher Columbus three ships carried 120 men 1492 September 8 - The Voyage of Christopher Columbus began 1492 September 15 The ships touched at the Canaries the conditions were favorable 1492 September 20 The Sargasso Sea - the conditions change. Columbus kept two log books to deceive the crew as to the real length of the voyage 1492 September 23 The Crew Members Become Disgruntled 1492 October 7 False Landfall is spotted 1492 October 11 There is near Mutiny from the crew 1492 October 12 Land was seen plainly by one of the Pinta's crew 1492 October 12 Columbus lands on Watling's Island in the Bahamas, West Indies. The discoverers named the island San Salvador. Columbus believes that he has reached the passage to India and China 1492 October 28 Cuba 1492 December 5 the Santa Maria sinks off the cost of Hispaniola Christopher Columbus establishes the first Spanish settlement in the New World 1492 January 16 Christopher Columbus starts the return journey home to Spain Timeline, Facts & History about the Later life of Christopher Columbus The following are facts and dates in a timeline format telling the story about the later life and history of Christopher Columbus: 1493 Christopher Columbus arrives at Palos in Spain on 15 March, 1493 He brings the news to Europe of the New World 1493, 25 September The Second voyage of Christopher Columbus with 16 ships from Cadiz, carrying about 1500 men including Juan Ponce de Leon Columbus explores Hispaniola (Jamaica) and encounters the hostile Carib and Arawak native indians Columbus establishes a Spanish settlement in Haiti and searches for gold 1494 September 29 Christopher Columbus returns to Spain 1498 May 30 The Third voyage of Christopher Columbus from Seville, Spain, with six ships 31 July 1498 Christopher Columbus arrived at the Cape Verde Islands, near Trinidad Columbus crossed over to the mainland where he discovered pearls Christopher Columbus was the first European to land in South America News spreads to Spain about problems in the Spanish settlements. Columbus is heavily criticised for its handling A visita was ordered - it was a much dreaded measure. The visitador chosen to investigate was Francisco de Bobadilla 24 August, 1500 Bobadilla landed at Santo Domingo Francisco de Bobadilla believed that Columbus and his brothers considered themselves rulers of the new country. He ordered their imprisonment, where they were harshly held in irons 1500 October Christopher Columbus and his brothers are sent home in chains Royalty, nobility and the Spanish people were horrified at the injustices which ad been heaped on Christopher Columbus and all previous property confiscated and rank was restored to Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus proposed yet another voyage of discovery 1502 Fourth and final voyage of Christopher Columbus leaves from Cadiz, Spain, with four ships 1504 7th November - Christopher Columbus returns to Spain 1506, May 20 Christopher Columbus dies at the Spanish court at Valladolid Interesting Facts and Information about Christopher Columbus Some interesting facts, timeline and biography information about the History, Life & Times of Christopher Columbus http://www.elizabethanera.org.uk/christophercolumbus.htm . Sir Francis Drake Biography, Timeline & Facts about the famous explorer, explorations & voyages in the Age of Exploration The Golden Hind Ship Short Biography of the life of Sir Francis Drake - Seaman, Explorer and Pirate The following facts, biography information provides basic facts about the life Sir Francis Drake: Nationality - English Lifespan - 1540 - 1596 Family - Son of a farmer and preacher Sir Francis Drake Naval Career Navigator of a small merchant ship in the 1550's Officer on West African slave ships Sailed to the Caribbean with his cousin John Hawkins Francis Drake was the first to pass from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast of South America Sailed round the World in the ship called the Golden Hind Appointed Vice Admiral of the navy that destroyed the Spanish Armada Famous as a seaman, explorer and a pirate, sailing around the World, raiding the Spanish and helping to defeat the Spanish Armada Facts, Timeline & History about the life of Sir Francis Drake - Seaman, Explorer and Pirate The following are additional facts and timeline about the life and history of Sir Francis Drake: Born in Tavistock, in Devonshire Francis Drake was the eldest of twelve sons! Distant relative of Sir Walter Raleigh Drake married Mary Newman before he had acquired wealth or fame in 1569 but she died 12 years later In 1572 Queen Elizabeth commissioned Drake as a privateer to sail for the Americas Drake was the first to pass from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast of South America. He raided Nombre de Dios, Panama He returned to England bringing Spanish gold and plunder In 1577 Queen Elizabeth selected him to be the head of an expedition that was to sail around the world He re-named his ship from 'The Pelican to the 'Golden Hind' In 1579 he stopped near the present-day San Francisco to repair the Golden Hind. He claimed the land for for England which he called New Albion 1580 he returned to England In 1581 he was knighted Sir Francis Drake on board the Golden Hind by Queen Elizabeth He purchased Buckland Abbey in Devon In 1585 Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham, some twenty years his junior who came from a wealthy and wellconnected family 1585: Drake travelled to Brazil accompanied by his nephew Richard Hawkins 26 June 1586 - Drake visited Sir Walter Raleigh's colony headed by Ralph Lane, finding disheartened colonists and hostile Indians In 1587 Drake attacked and destroyed the Spanish Fleet at Cadiz - referred to as 'Singeing Philip of Spain's beard' In 1588 he was appointed Vice Admiral of the navy that destroyed the Spanish Armada Famous for finishing a game of bowls whilst waiting for the weather to change before sailing to meet the Spanish Armada 1588: Spanish Armada of 132 ships sails for England. England's navy consists of 34 ships and 163 armed merchant vessels 1588 Jul 29, The Spanish Armada was sighted off the coast of England 1588 Jul 30, The English exchanged fire with the Spanish Armada 1588 Aug 8, The English Navy destroys the Spanish Armada 1595: Sir Francis Drake embarks on his last voyage to the Caribbean with Sir John Hawkins (who dies of fever on the voyage) 1595: Sir Francis Drake was sent to attack Spanish settlements in the West Indies but he also died on the journey home 1596 January 28: Sir Francis Drake died on board the Defiance aged about 55 Sir Francis Drake died of a tropical disease referred to as "the bloody flux" which was probably Yellow Fever 1596 January 29: Sir Francis Drake was buried at sea in a lead coffin off Puerto Bello Sir Francis Drake had no children His title passed to a nephew - also named Francis In 1628 the second Sir Francis Drake published the chronicle of the circumnavigation called 'The World Encompassed' __________________________________________________________________________ MAGELLAN 1480 - 1521 Great explorer INTRODUCTION Ferdinand Magellan was one of the greatest explorers of the Renaissance Period. BACKGROUND Magellan was born in 1480. In his native tongue his name was Fernanao de Magalhaes. In his younger years he became a page in the Portuguese court. He became a soldier when he was 25 and served in India. In 1512 he went to offer his services to the king of Spain. Inspired by rumors of another ocean on the other side of the new world that Christopher Columbus had discovered, he wanted to prove that the Spice Islands were on the Spanish side of the line of demarcation between Spain and Portugal. In 1518, King Charles I of Spain approved the plan and after a year of preparation the expedition left Seville on September 20, 1519. Food and water gave out and the crew had to eat rats, ox hides, and sawdust before reaching Guam. In 1521, Magellan was killed in a fight between local natives while on the Spice Islands. ACCOMPLISHMENTS At a young age of 17 Magellan sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and he sailed for the king of Spain. He got five ships and left Seville on September 20, 1519. He sailed around the tip of South America. He found the westward passage and it was named the Strait of Magellan in his name. He also found the new ocean and named it the Pacific in honour of its calm and peaceful waters, and crossed it East to West. He landed in Guam and then in the Phillipines where he was killed. His crew moved on to the Spice Islands and later made it back by sailing around the tip of South Africa with only 10 men left. Even though he didn't live to the end of the trip Magellan is still considered the leader of the first circumnavigation around the world. IMPACT Magellan's impact was providing the first positive proof that the world was round, and that opened up trade routes to explorers all over the world. Magellan's route Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan Picture of Ferdinand Magellan Interesting Picture, Facts and information about Ferdinand Magellan Short Biography about the life of Ferdinand Magellan - Explorer and Navigator Facts, Picture and History of Ferdinand Magellan Famous Explorers The Age of Exploration Elizabethan Era Index Ferdinand Magellan Biography, Timeline & Facts about the famous explorer, explorations & voyages in the Age of Exploration Ferdinand Magellan Ships Short Biography of the life of Ferdinand Magellan - Explorer and Navigator The following biography information provides basic facts about the life Ferdinand Magellan: Nationality - Portuguese Lifespan - 1480 - 1521 Family - son of wealthy Mayor Pedro Ruy de Magalhaes and of Alda de Mezquita. Education - Tutored at the Court of Portugal Career - Explorer and Navigator Famous for : Ferdinand Magellan a Portuguese sea captain who led five Spanish ships and 251 men in the first voyage around the World The government of Spain provided the 5 ships for the expedition - Ferdinand Magellan Ships Magellan commanded the Trinidad Juan de Cartagena commanded the San Antonio Gaspar de Quesada commanded the Conception Luis de Mendoza commanded the Victoria Juan Serrano commanded the Santiago Facts, Timeline & History about the life of Ferdinand Magellan - Explorer and Navigator The following are additional facts about the life, timeline and history of Ferdinand Magellan: 1480: Ferdinand Magellan was born at Saborosa in Villa Real, Province of Traz os Montes in Portugal Magellan was from a wealthy and influential family and he spent his early years at the Portuguese court One of his teachers was believed to be the cartographer and navigator, Martin Behaim and Magellan become interested in making great voyages of discovery Ferdinand Magellan also studied the maps of Christopher Columbus 1505: Ferdinand Magellan joined the expedition of Francisco d'Almeida to India 1512: Magellan took part in the Portuguese expedition to Morocco and was badly wounded 1512: Ferdinand Magellan had a major disagreement with a commanding officer and left the service without prior permission 1513: Ferdinand Magellan asked King Manuel of Portugal for permission to sail to the Spice Islands in the Far East. His request was refused following the unfavourable reports from Morocco He resumed his studies in Portugal for a couple more years but it was obvious he would not gain support from the Portuguese court. He therefore renounced his Portuguese nationality 1518: Magellan left Portugal and headed for Spain 1519 March 22: Magellan convinced King Charles I of Spain to support his voyage to the Spice Islands. King Charles promised Magellan one-fifth of the profits from the voyage to the Spice Islands The government of Spain provided 5 ships for the expedition: Magellan commanded Trinidad Juan de Cartagena commanded the San Antonio Gaspar de Quesada commanded the Conception Luis de Mendoza commanded the Victoria Juan Serrano commanded the Santiago Ferdinand Magellan led the five Spanish ships and 251 men in what was to become the first voyage around the World 1519, 20 September: The fleet under Ferdinand Magellan sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to South America and Rio de Janeiro. Magellan then started to search for a passage to the Pacific Ocean 1520, March: Magellan's fleet anchored for the winter at Puerto San Julian in Southern Argentina 1520 September : A storm destroys the Santiago and a mutiny breaks out 1520 October: Magellan and his crew resumed their voyage on the remaining ships 1520, 21 November: he entered the straits which would be named the Magellan Straits - they were to be the first Europeans ever to sail across the Pacific 1521 13 February Magellan reached the Equator 1521 March 6: Magellan reached the Pacific island of Guam 1521 16 March Magellan discovers the Philippines 1521 April 27: Ferdinand Magellan was killed by natives on the island of Mactan Only 110 of the original crew members remained so they abandoned one of the ships - the Conception The Trinidad tried to return back to Spain the same way they had came but was forced to return to the Spice Islands where they were imprisoned by the Portuguese The Victoria was the last remaining ship 1522, September 6 the Victoria reached Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain with only eighteen survivors The momentous voyage of Ferdinand Magellan had taken nearly three years and many lives MARCO POLO 1254-1324 Famous traveler INTRODUCTION Marco Polo was a Venetian (Italian) explorer who travelled through Central Asia and China. BACKGROUND Marco Polo was born in 1254 and he died in 1324. He was an Italian explorer from Venice. His mother died after giving him birth. He was named after an uncle and grew up to be a strapping youth. His aunt and uncle raised him. He learned how to read and write. His father and uncle were both merchants. He was seventeen on his first journey to China in 1271. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Marco Polo travelled to China with his father and uncle over the Silk Road which was an overland route to China. He worked for Kublai Khan, the Mongol Emperor, for seventeen years. He sailed home instead of going overland. He brought back ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain and silk. He told about the Chinese use of coal, money and compasses. He met Rustichello, a famous writer, who wrote about Marco Polo's travels in a book called THE BOOK OF TRAVELS. Marco Polo became famous for his travels through Central Asia and China. His book gave Europeans some of their earliest information about China. IMPACT His information was received with astonishment and disbelief. His book stimulated interest in the Orient. It was widely read. It stimulated trade. The route that Marco Polo took to get to China.