Download Climate solutions Research Notes

Climate solutions Research Notes
RENEWABLES 2016 GLOBAL STATUS REPORT
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Outlines the market and industry trends of each of the major renewable energy sectors
highlights the current usages of renewable energies around the globe
compares growth of each sector over past 10 years
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increasing renewable energy use will create 8.1 million jibs around the world
For solar: - 50 GW added in 2015; china added the most solar technology
solar provides challenges in the devolving world due to a lack of capital and a lack of sufficient
competition to bring down the cost
despite this, large increases in both large and small scale projects all over Africa capitalizing on the
available sunlight hours
projects both on and off grid --> global off grid market is about 300 mil USD
WIND: - 433 QW produced in 2015 --> most produced by China
community and citizen ownership continues to expand
EU is overall increasing both onshore and off shore projects --> " In the EU, capacity in operation at
end-2015 was enough to cover an estimated 11.4% of electricity consumption in a normal wind
year"
continued development of renewable energies can lead to increased sustainable developments for
those individuals who remain without access to electricity ( 17% of the world)
clean cook stoves and solar lighting systems increase quality of life
India and sub sahaa Afica represent a large demand in solar lighting systems, Bangladesh and other
south east asian counties represent a large demand for solar home systems
can reduce need for urban migration and may provide a source of new or expanded potential
employment
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can use this image in our presentation when discussing the social challenges and benefits
outlines specific investment by economy over time
OECD ENVIRONMENTAL OUTLOOK TO 2050
CHAPTER 3: CLIMATE CHANGE (2011)
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" Climate change presents a global systemic risk to society. It threatens the basic elements of life for
all people: access to water, food production, health, use of land, and physical and natural capital.
Inadequate attention to climate change could have significant social consequences for human wellbeing, hamper economic growth and heighten the risk of abrupt and large-scale changes to our
climatic and ecological systems. The significant economic damage could equate to a permanent loss
in average percapita world consumption of more than 14% (Stern, 2006). Some poor countries would
be likely to suffer particularly severely. This chapter demonstrates how avoiding these economic,
social and environmental costs will require effective policies to shift economies onto low-carbon and
climate-resilient growth paths."
green house gas (GHG) emissions continue to increase
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delayed mitigation actions may increase cost of eventual necessary changes --> may cost up to 50%
more in 2050 compared to 2020, as well as the compiled environmental hazards
suggested strategies:
o adapt to inevitable climate change
o integrate into development co-operation --> need to integrate climate change strategies w
development strategies in order to maximize both human and environmental benefits; work
in both rural and urban areas
o set clear economy wide GHG mitigation targets
o price carbon --> use market based methods such as carbon taxes or emission trading -->
provides financial incentives for climate resilient investments
 will be required for only a 2°C increase
o foster research and development of more efficient renewable technologies
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This image can be used in our document to show how since energy demand is bound to increase,
CO2 emissions will necessarily increase into the future unless action is taken
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energy demand is expected to increase by 80% btwn 2010-2050
Transport emissions are projected to double between 2010 and 2050, due in part to a strong
increase in demand for cars in developing countries, and growth in aviation
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The Outlook Baseline scenario suggests that these GHG-concentration levels would lead to an
increase in global mean temperature at the middle of the century of 2.0 ºC-2.8 ºC, and 3.7 ºC-5.6
ºC at the end of the century (compared to pre-industrial times
The impacts will not be spread equally between regions. Some of the regional impacts forecast by
the IPCC include:
• North America: Decreasing snowpack in the western mountains; 5%-20% increase in yields of rainfed agriculture in some regions; increased frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves in cities
that already experience them.
• Latin America: Gradual replacement of tropical forest by savannah in eastern Amazonia; risk of
significant biodiversity loss through species extinction in many tropical areas; significant changes in
water availability for human consumption, agriculture and energy generation.
• Europe: Increased risk of inland flash floods; more frequent coastal flooding and increased erosion
from storms and sea-level rise; glacial retreat in mountainous areas; reduced snow cover and winter
tourism; extensive species losses; reductions of crop productivity in southern Europe.
• Africa: By 2020, between 75 and 250 million people are projected to be exposed to increased
water stress; yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50% in some regions by
2020; agricultural production, including access to food, may be severely compromised.
• Asia: Freshwater availability projected to decrease in Central, South, East and Southeast Asia by
the 2050s; coastal areas will be at risk due to increased flooding; the death rate from diseases
associated with floods and droughts is expected to rise in some regions.
Low Carbon Growth Country Studies Program by Energy Source Management Assistance Program
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This image can be used in our document in the introduction when we suggest drastic measures
must be taken now to stop the acceleration of climate change
focuses on the mitigation strategies employed by 6 different emerging economies: Brazil, China,
India, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa
done through technical assistance, knowledge transfer, funding to support modeling of carbon
pathways, and policy response
100% Clean and Renewable Wind, Water, and Sunlight (WWS) All-Sector Energy Roadmaps for 139
Countries of the World
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outlines the necessary steps in achieving the 100% renewable energy goal by 20 50
explains the individual energy diversity ideal for each if the 138 countries analyzed --> specific
roadmaps
considers:
o (1) Future end-use demand (load) in each energy sector in the WWS and BAU cases
o (2) Needed numbers of WWS generators and their footprint and spacing areas
o (3) WWS raw resources and potential, including solar photovoltaic (PV) rooftop potential
o (4) Costs of energy, transmission, and distribution in the BAU and WWS cases
o (5) Avoided air-pollution mortality and morbidity and their costs due to WWS
o (6) Avoided carbon emissions and global-warming costs due to WWS
o (7) Changes in job numbers and earnings due to WWS
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(8) Policy measures to implement the roadmaps and a transition timeline.
describes both low cost highg benefit scenarios and high cost low benefit scenarios
"All energy-consuming processes in each sector are then electrified, and the resulting end-use energy
required for a fully electrified all-purpose energy infrastructure is estimated (Section S3.3). Some
end-use electricity in each country is used to produce hydrogen for some transportation and
industrial applications."
"This study calculates the numbers of generators of each type needed to power each country based on
the 2050 power demand in the country after all sectors have been electrified but before considering grid
reliability and neglecting energy imports and exports"
To estimate energy use in the future WWS scenario, relative to the future BAU scenario, we adjust the
EIA/IEA-based BAU end-use energy estimates by differences between the BAU and the WWS scenarios
due to
i) Changes in energy requirements resulting from electrification of end uses in the WWS scenario;
ii) The absence in the WWS scenario of “energy sector own use” (ESOU), which is the energy
used to process and transport non-WWS energy (mainly fossil-fuel);
iii) Changes in the amount of capital-intensive energy infrastructure; and
iv) Extra end-use energy efficiency measures in the WWS scenario beyond those assumed in the
BAU scenario
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describes specific equations for energy required for each sector in specific regions
specifically calculates the amount of solar, geothermal, tidal, hydropower, and on shore and off
shore wind for each country considered
2015 Renewable Energy Data Book by US Department of Energy
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can use this in our document in document to display the changes in relative investment in
renewable energy types over the part 10 yrs
biofuels have steadily decreased while solar has drastically increased
Asian manufacturers continued to lead global PV module production in 2015, with China
accounting for 66% of global module production and the United States accounting for
approximately 2%.
In 2015, China continued to lead the world in cumulative installed wind capacity with over 145
GW. The United States leads in wind power generation with over 191 TWh in 2015.
Global cumulative installed offshore wind capacity reached over 12.1 GW in 2015, largely driven
by projects in Europe. A total of 21 U.S. offshore wind projects, comprising more than 14.7 GW,
are at various stages of development.1
Global solar PV and CSP cumulative installed capacity increased by 28% and 9% in 2015,
respectively. Wind installed capacity grew by 17% globally.
100% Renewable Energy by WWF
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10 recommendations for a 100% renewable energy fund:
o clean energy --> develop new and existing renewable energy sources
o grids --> trade energy via grids
o access --> end energy poverty
o money --> invest in energy efficient buildings
o food --> end food waste
o materials --> reusable materials
o transport --> promote incentives for mass transit
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technology --> develop national / bilateral / multilateral action plans for development
sustainability --> Develop and enforce strict sustainability criteria that ensure renewable
energy
o agreements --> support ambitious climate energy agreements to provide global guidance
1.4 billion have no reliable access to energy and 2.7 rely on transitional bio materials which also
pollute --> wood / crop residue / animal dung
access to cheap oil are decreasing while demand for energy will increase = problem --> oil will be
harder to access, in more undisturbed location 4
reliance on fossil fuels can be reduced by 70% by 2040
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forecast of a potential distribution of energy which would allow the world to be reliant on 100%
renewable
energy would be highly dependent on onshore wind, and photovoltaic solar
Wind could meet a quarter of the world’s electricity needs by 2050 if current growth rates
continue – requiring an additional 1,000,000 onshore and 100,000 offshore turbine
specific suggestions of this report:
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introduce legally binding minimum efficiency standards worldwide for all products that
consume energy
Developing countries must phase-out the inefficient use of traditional biomass, and pursue
alternatives such as improved biomass cooking stoves, solar cookers and small-scale biogas
digesters. Industrialized countries should facilitate this by providing financial assistance, as part
of international development commitments and global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
Taxes on petrol, electricity and fuels are already commonplace. Shifting taxes to products and
cars that use more energy will help to steer demand toward more efficient alternatives
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Substantial investment is needed into public transport to provide convenient and affordable
energy-efficient alternatives to private cars
Countries need to work together to extend electricity networks to bring power from centres of
production to centres of consumption as efficiently as possible. International networks will
help meet demand by balancing variable power sources (such as solar PV and wind), supported
by constant sources (geothermal, stored CSP, hydro, biomass
urgent investment into smart grids to help manage energy demand and allow for a significantly
higher proportion of electricity to come from variable and decentralized sources. This will help
energy companies balance supply and demand more efficiently, and enable consumers to
make more informed choices about their electricity use
(WWF, ECOFYS and OMA, 2011)(Jacobson et al., 2015)(Marchal et al., 2011; REN21, 2016;
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2016)
ESMAP, 2016. Low Carbon Growth Country Studies Program. [online] Washington D.C. Available at:
<https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/FINAL_LCCS_bro.pdf>.
Jacobson, M.Z., Delucchi, M. a, Bauer, Z. a F., Savannah, C., Chapman, W.E., Cameron, M. a, Cedric, A.,
Chobadi, L., Erwin, J.R., Fobi, S.N., Owen, K., Harrison, S.H., Kwasnik, T.M., Lo, J., Yi, C.J., Morris, S.B.,
Moy, K.R., Neill, P.L.O., Redfern, S., Schucker, R., Sontag, M. a, Wang, J., Weiner, E. and Yachanin, A.S.,
2015. 100 % Clean and Renewable Wind , Water , and Sunlight (WWS) All- Sector Energy Roadmaps for
139 Countries of the World By 2050. Draft, pp.1–61.
Marchal, V., Dellink, R., van Vuuren, D., Clapp, C., Chateau, J., Lanzi, L., Magne, B. and van Vilet, J., 2011.
Climate Change. In: Environmeal Outlook to 2050. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development.
National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2016. 2015 Renewable Energy Data Book.
REN21, 2016. Renewables 2016 Global Status Report. [online] Available at: <http://www.ren21.net/GSR2016-Report-Full-report-EN>.
WWF, ECOFYS and OMA, 2011. The Renewable Report: 100% renewable energy by 2050. [online]
Available at: <http://assets.panda.org/downloads/101223_energy_report_final_print_2.pdf>.
(ESMAP, 2016)