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Transcript
Classification - TAXONOMY System to organize all living creatures plants animals microbes etc. A good system will show evolutionary relationships Regents Biology Carolus Linnaeus The Linnean system proposed in 1700s binomial nomenclature - each species has a 2 part name Genus (genera) species – group of similar organisms that can interbreed AND produce fertile offspring Ex: female horse and male donkey = mule mules CANNOT breed => sterile Therefore horses and donkeys are different species Homo sapiens Regents Biology Can also be written H. sapiens Latin - binomial nomenclature 2 part scientific name Genus — larger group to which organism belongs always capitalized species — specific name for that organism always lowercase Written either italicized OR underlined Regents Biology example: Linnaeus named humans Homo sapiens means “wise man” — perhaps in a show of hope & optimism Why not use common names? Misleading Starfish – a fish??? Dragonfly – a lizard??? Confusing blue jay, blue coat, corn thief – all the same thing??? dog, perro, chien I swim, but I’m still a bird! Regents Biology Why not use common names? But they all Pisaster ochraceus have only one scientific name! Pyrrhosoma nymphula Cyanocitta cristata Regents Biology What kind of names do viruses have? Example – H1N1 Is that a scientific name? NO Genus – NO species WHY???? Viruses are NOT _________! Regents Biology What variety! What similarity! Diversity of Life there are so many different creatures on Earth why are there differences (adaptations)? Unity of life all creatures have similarities common characteristics why are they so alike? Regents Biology Tree of Life organize creatures by structure & function/behavior Plants Animals Fungi Protists how they are built how they live organize them into groups of closely related (evolutionary) creatures Bacteria Regents Biology Archaebacteria How did we get here? Began with 3 groups – where organisms live air, land, water – doesn’t work!!! Next – 2 groups – plants and animals Plants – usually green; don’t move Animals – not usually green; move Invention of microscope – saw cell structures Invention of electron microscope – saw within cell structures had to come up with a new system – is still changing Regents Biology Classification System 3 Domains - 6 Kingdoms Eukaryote Prokaryote Regents Biology Bacteria & Archaebacteria 3 Domain/6 Kingdom system 1. Archaebacteria – ALL Prokaryotes Prokaryote Kingdom Archae Unicellular, cell wall Auto AND hetertrophic Live in harsh conditions – example high temp, high salt, low oxygen, extreme pH Oldest life forms in the fossil record 2. Eubacteria - ALL Prokaryotes Kingdom Bacteria Unicellular, cell wall Auto AND heterotrophic Some harmful – cause disease – ex. Strep throat, E. coli Some helpful/beneficial – make vitamin K (in large int), yogurt Regents Biology 3 Domain - 6 Kingdom system 3. Eukaryota - separate organelles in their cells Protists Mostly unicellular; No cell wall Auto AND heterotrophic Are mobile (can move from place to place) Ex: ameba, paramecium, algae, euglena Fungi Mostly multicellular; cell wall (chitin) Eukaryote Heterotrophic – decomposers Sessile – remain in on place Ex: yeast, mushrooms, mold Regents Biology 3 Domain - 6 Kingdom system 3. Eukaryota - separate organelles in their cells Plants Multicellular; cell wall (cellulose) Autotrophic - Photosynthesis Sessile; has complex levels of organization Ex: moss, ferns, flowers, trees Animals Multicellular; has complex levels of organization Heterotrophic Mobile at some stage in life cycle Very diverse group – ex: sponges, insects, Regents Biology worms, birds, fish, humans Eukaryote Classification Taxon(taxa) = group Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Regents Biology Number of organisms in each taxon decreases TRAITS go from general to specific