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The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields 1. Blechschmidt’s concept concerning differentiation 2. Principles of the “Metabolic Field Concept” 3. Early Metabolic Fields 4. Late Metabolic Fields JP. Höppner DO Blechschmidts concept concerning differentiation Blechschmidt versus …? Question: – – Why does the human body looks like this and not different? Why does the human body functions properly in normal circumstances? Possible answer: Human ontogenesis: Gestalt Gestaltung } Morphology JP. Höppner D.O. 1 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Blechschmidts concept concerning differentiation Blechschmidt versus …? a) Human ontogenesis as an “Homunculus” ? Concept Science Observation differentiation Looking for a definition Blechschmidts concept concerning differentiation Blechschmidt versus …? b) Human ontogenesis as an “Expression of effectiveness” It seems as if it – happens with sense regarding the future performances – possesses a direction with which a certain plan completes itself – as a process it is comparable to certain goal-directed movements In order that Functional anatomy But: • Later achievements are induced by grow functions • Embryonic achievements are on regular basis precursors for future functions Blechschmidt: « What are achievements, what are functions? » JP. Höppner D.O. 2 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Blechschmidts concept concerning differentiation Blechschmidt versus …? c) Human ontogenesis and the “Biogenetic Basic Law” 1859 Ernst Haeckel, Biogenetic Basic Law ? « What changes during development is its Erscheinungsbild, not its Wesen » « Blechschmidt: “What are the laws of differentiation? » Blechschmidts concept concerning differentiation Blechschmidt versus …? d) Human ontogenesis and the concept of “Induction” WILHELM ROUX (1850-1924) Developmental Physiology Analysing development with experiments SPEMANN (1869-1941) Independent Differentiation IN LATE STAGES Dependent Differentiation IN EARLY STAGES « Blechschmidt: “Organisor: Inductor ? » JP. Höppner D.O. 3 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Blechschmidts concept concerning differentiation Blechschmidt versus …? e) Human ontogenesis and “Genetic expression” (Nature 171, April 25, 1953) DNA = GENE Differentiation is not the substance but much more the way of its transcription Relation between chemistry of the gene and the körperliche Gestaltung ? « Watson & Crick ↔ Blechschmidt: “Extra-genetic Substance » « Inside-Outside Differentiation ↔ Outside-Inside-Differentiation! » Blechschmidts concept concerning differentiation Blechschmidt versus …? f) Human ontogenesis and “Biodynamic Metabolic Fields” Gestalt & Gestaltung Relation? Follow spatial changes during certain time sequences as developmental movements POSITION CHANGES OF FORM STRUCTURE macroscopically microscopically Biodynamic Metabolic Fields JP. Höppner D.O. 4 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Principles of the “Metabolic Field Concept” A Metabolic Field Definition « A metabolic field is a momentary aspect of spatially ordered (sub microscopic) metabolic movements » « Movement = changes of Form – Position – Structure » « Every cell represents a metabolic field » A metabolic field implies: • Cell limiting membrane = Human embryology Environment & cell interact on this level • Chemical reactions • Physical changes • Cytoplasm = Molecular biology • Nucleus = Genetics Principles of the “Metabolic Field Concept” A Metabolic Field Components « Position – Form – Structure » Tissue Limiting Ectoderm Neuronal Inner Endoderm Epithelium Mesoderm Epithelium Muscular Connective JP. Höppner D.O. 5 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Principles of the “Metabolic Field Concept” Internal Reorganization Different Expressions of Metabolic Fields Entocyst disc = 0,42 mm Cleavage Dimensional jump Internal reorganization Metabolism « Every cell represents a metabolic field » « Every cell should be thought as a momentary aspect of spatially ordered (sub microscopic) metabolic movements » Principles of the “Metabolic Field Concept” Differences in Speed of Growth Result: First Major Organ Differentiations Entocyst disc = 0,42 mm BETWEEN TWO LAYERS (Example) Entocyst disc • 2 layers of limiting tissue → enlargement of intercellular space = development of inner tissue space Inner tissue develops when surfaces of two adjacent limiting tissues grow at different rates! WITHIN ONE LAYER (Example) The entocyst disc consists of different parts: • A broad cranial portion = Expansion dome • A narrow caudal portion = Impansion pit Entocyst disc = 1,6 mm JP. Höppner D.O. 6 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Principles of the “Metabolic Field Concept” Differences in Speed of Growth The Restraining Apparatus Fast Entocyst disc = 0,42 mm Slow Entocyst disc = 1,6 mm Ludwig = 1,8 - 2 mm Expansion growth → different rates of velocity • Faster growing region • Slower growing region = restraining apparatus → pattern! Inner tissue becomes an important restraining apparatus for specific organ development → Growth patterns Early Metabolic Fields First Growth Patterns « …The first differentiations are particularly important because they are the beginning of all the following differentiations. … » Late Metabolic Fields Early Metabolic Fields … Corner = 2,6 mm Payne = 2,2 mm Complexity and dimensions etc. etc. etc. ………………… Ludwig = 1,8 mm Disc = 0,42 mm JP. Höppner D.O. 7 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Early Metabolic Fields First Growth Patterns Differences in Speed of Growth 3th week of development: Axial process (Chorda dorsalis) arises – Not an isolated structure BUT part of a tissue arrangement – Continuation AND beginning of further developmental stages Appearance of organs and regions Head region Neck region Trunk region Early Metabolic Fields First Growth Patterns Differences in Speed of Growth Axial process causes first orientation with lateral structures: – Neural groove – Dorsal bulges Process is basis for development of complete nervous system JP. Höppner D.O. 8 The Concept of Ontogenetic Metabolic Fields Early Metabolic Fields First Growth Patterns Differences in Speed of Growth Appearance of Internal Reorganization Late Metabolic Fields Differentiation in Continuous Complexity General overview •Corrosion field Membrana cloacalis Aorta, A.spinalis anterior •Contusion field Cartilago (young) •Distusion field Cartilago (old) •Densation field Os (distales) •Parathelial loosening field Glandula Hepar, Pulmones •Retension field Dura mater Arteria, vena •Dilation field Musculus •Detraction field Desmocranium Enchondral (secondary) JP. Höppner D.O. 9 The Skull is more than Head and Face One plus One is Three - The Skull is more than Head and Face 1. The Complexity of Growth Patterns Unfolded 2. The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) 3. The Pattern of Descensus 4. About Continuity JP. Höppner DO The Complexity of Growth Patterns Unfolded First Growth Patterns « …The first differentiations are particularly important because they are the beginning of all the following differentiations. … » Early Metabolic Fields Late Metabolic Fields Ascensus … Corner = 2,6 mm Payne = 2,2 mm Complexity and dimensions etc. etc. etc. ………………… Descensus Ludwig = 1,8 mm Disc = 0,42 mm JP. Höppner D.O. 1 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Complexity of Growth Patterns Unfolded First Growth Patterns Differences in Speed of Growth The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Frontier Tissue 1. Growth patterns inherent to frontier tissue features longitudinal transversal « Prism-shaped cells tend to longitudinal growth » JP. Höppner D.O. 2 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Frontier Tissue 2. Growth patterns due to inner tissue influences Embryo 10 mm The vascular structures are important restraining apparatuses giving the expansion growth specific developmental directions. Biodynamic metabolic fields (developmental movements) on a macroscopically scale The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Frontier Tissue 3. Growth patterns: Systemic, local & regional Encephalon Ludwig = 1,8 - 2 mm Embryo ca. 3 - 7 - 8 mm Medulla spinalis 19 mm « … each body part that can be isolated by dissection, contributes to the formation of the whole organism. … » « …The first differentiations are particularly important because they are the beginning of all the following differentiations. … » JP. Höppner D.O. 3 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Inner Tissue The paradox: motor & restriction Chronology of inner tissue development Intercellular space ↕ Intercellular space ↕ Intercellular space ↕ Cleavage & Differentiation Cleavage & Differentiation Cleavage & Differentiation → Inner tissue development → Inner tissue development Trajectories The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Inner Tissue First Signs of Inner Tissue Derives Widening of inner tissue space → increase of fluid within inner tissue → dense inner tissue on lateral side: • Unsegmented material Repeating principles of early metabolic fields JP. Höppner D.O. 4 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Inner Tissue New metabolic fields – New derives Growth of neural tube influences inner tissue • Contusion field • Distusion field • Retension field → development of sclerotome → development of pachymeninx → development of dermomyotome In caudal and cranial region same pattern! The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Inner Tissue Increasing complexity JP. Höppner D.O. 5 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Inner Tissue Dura girdles and their transparency The imprint within the bony structures Embryo ca. 14,5 - 40 mm The Pattern of Ascensus (Cerebralization) Development of the Inner Tissue Dura girdles and their transparency The imprint within the muscular structures JP. Höppner D.O. 6 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Pattern of Descensus The Cerebralization Process - ?! Growth patterns due to brain development Upper part of face } Embryo 10 mm Brain Heart Lower part Liver (sinus!) Septum Transversum of face = Functional unity The Pattern of Descensus The Upper Region of the Face Facial growth patterns due to brain development Dura girdles and their transparency JP. Höppner D.O. 1 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Pattern of Descensus The Upper Region of the Face Lig.interorbitale Grotwh The Pattern of Descensus The Lower Region of the Face Facial growth patterns due to gut development Embryo 10 mm Brain Heart Lower part Liver (sinus!) Septum Transversum of face = Functional unity JP. Höppner D.O. 2 The Skull is more than Head and Face The Pattern of Descensus The Pattern of Descensus The Lower Region of the Face The Transition Zone of the Face Facial growth patterns due to gut development Ascensus meets Descensus About Continuity About Continuity Pattern and Form Pattern and Form Continuity in texture and dimension Blood vessels JP. Höppner D.O. 1 The Skull is more than Head and Face About Continuity About Continuity Pattern and Form Pattern and Form Muscle, Fascia and Ligament Organs: Let’s talk about glands JP. Höppner D.O. 2 The Skull is more than Head and Face About Continuity Pattern and Form Continuity in texture and dimension About Continuity Pattern and Form Blood vessels JP. Höppner D.O. 1 The Skull is more than Head and Face About Continuity Pattern and Form Muscle, Fascia and Ligament About Continuity Pattern and Form Organs: Let’s talk about glands JP. Höppner D.O. 2