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Lesson 2: Verbs
2.1 What are Verbs?
2.1.1 The verb is the most important part of a sentence. The shortest sentence
contains a verb. For example: “Come!” (an imperative sentence, giving a
command.) You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other part of
speech. (Mok: what about interjections? Eg. You can say, “Ouch!” to
express a complete thought of pain.)
2.1.2 A verb has 2 functions: it either describes “action” (bring, read, walk, run,
kill—technically called the dynamic verbs 動態動詞), or it describes “a
state of being” (be, exist, like, hear, appear--the stative verbs 狀態動詞).
2.1.3 A verb always has a subject. We can say that verbs are words that tell us
what a subject does or is. Eg.


action (George plays basketball.)
state (Peter looks happy.)
2.1.4 Almost all verbs change in form (conjugate 動詞的詞形變化) based on
tense and person. Most other types of words (adjectives, adverbs,
prepositions, etc.) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular
and plural forms; or for some, with the first alphabet capitalized or not may
refer to different things, like China and china).
2.2
Classification of Verbs
Verbs can be classified in many different ways. Here we first distinguish verbs into
helping verbs and main verbs. Then in the category of the main verbs, we will
further group them into dynamic verbs and stative verbs according to their
functions; then into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs, depending on whether
there should be an object after the verb or not; and finally, into regular verbs and
irregular verbs, based on the structure of the verbs in simple past tense and past
participle tense. Grammarians further introduce a category called the linking verbs,
which are verbs that do not add much meaning but link a subject to a subject
complement that identifies or describes the subject. Since linking verbs are always
stative, so we have inserted the linking verbs after the stative verbs here.
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2.2.1
Helping verbs and Main (lexical 語彙的) verbs.
2.2.1.1 Helping verbs
Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. We usually use helping verbs
with the main verbs to help specify the grammatical structure of the main verbs.
A helping verb is always the first word in the verb phrase. There are 13 helping
verbs + 3 semi-helping verbs, and they are:
be, have, do, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to,
need, dare, and used to.
2.2.1.1.1 3 Primary Helping Verbs
These 3 primary helping verbs (or auxiliary verbs) can be helping verbs
or main verbs.

be
- to make continuous tenses (He was watching TV.)
- to make passive voices (Smaller animals are eaten by bigger animals.)

have
- to make perfect tenses (She has gone.)

do
- to make negatives (Jason does not like apples.)
- to ask questions (Do you want some orange juice?)
- to show emphasis (Mary does want to go on the trip.)
- to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she
does.)
2.2.1.1.2 10 Modal Auxiliary Verbs
These 10 modal auxiliary verbs always have the same form, and after a
modal auxiliary verb we put a bare infinitive of the main verb.
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The 10 modal auxiliary verbs are:

can, could (I can’t speak Japanese. She could come tomorrow.)

may, might (May I come? Fanny might do it.)
will, would (They will join the army next year. Would you like a drink?)
shall, should (I shall be there. Should you be driving so fast?)
must (Visitors must not smoke.)
ought to (They ought to come.)




2.2.1.1.2.1
Can, Could, Would: Requests
We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something.
This is not a real question—we do not really want to know if the
person is able to do something, we want them to do it! The use of
can in this way is informal (mainly between friends and family).
Eg.


Can you be quiet!
Can you come here for a minute.
We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something.
The use of could in this way is fairly polite (formal). Eg.

Could you close the window, please?
Would is also used to make polite requests, sometimes
exchangeable with could. Eg.

Would you close the window, please?
2.2.1.1.2.2
Can and Could: Permission and Offer
Can is sometimes used to ask or to give permission, or to offer, in
an informal way. Eg.

Can I smoke here?

You can’t smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden.
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
Can I get you something to drink?
Could is sometimes used to ask or to give permission, or to offer,
in a polite (formal) way. Eg.


Could I smoke here?
Could I get you something to drink?
2.2.1.1.2.3 Would
Would is a multi-function modal auxiliary verb. In addition to
being the past tense of will, would is served as a modal verb in
many other situations, often in present tense.
2.2.1.1.2.3.1
Past Tense of will or going to, eg:

I thought it would rain so I brought my umbrella.

Why didn’t you bring your umbrella? I told you it would rain! (It’s going to rain.)
She said that she would buy some eggs. (reported speech)

2.2.1.1.2.3.2


Talking about habitual past behavior, eg:
Every summer we would go to the beach.
We would always argue. We could never agree.
2.2.1.1.2.3.3
Future in past.
When talking about the past we can use would to express
something that has not happened at the time of speech. Eg:

In London she met the man whom she would one day marry.
2.2.1.1.2.3.4


2nd and 3rd Conditionals:
If he lost his job he would have no money. (2nd conditional)
If Philip had arrived earlier, he would have seen you. (3rd conditional)
2.2.1.1.2.3.5
present):
Giving advice in conditional structure (in the
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
I wouldn’t do that if I were you.
2.2.1.1.2.3.6


I would love to come. (vs: I love to come.)
What I would really like is some sweet potato. (vs: What I really like is some
sweet potato.) Mok: give the speech some politeness?
2.2.1.1.2.3.7

Expressing desire or inclination (in the present):
Expressing opinion or hope (in the present):
I suppose some people would call it grace.
(vs: I suppose some people call it
grace.)

I would expect him to come.
2.2.1.1.2.3.8
present):

Expressing presumption or expectation (in the
That would be Jojo calling. I’ll answer it.
2.2.1.1.2.3.9

(vs: I expect him to come.)
(vs: That should be Jojo calling.)
Used with Wish.
I wish you would stay. (vs: I hope you will stay. I want you to stay.)
(wish – would; hope – will)
2.2.1.1.2.3.10


Polite requests and questions (in the present):
Would you open the door, please?
Would you happen to know the answer?
2.2.1.1.2.3.11 Expressing uncertainty:

He would seem to be getting better. (less certain than: He seems to be getting
better.)
2.2.1.1.2.3.12 Expressing derogatory 貶義的 (in the present or
the past):

Sure, they would say that, wouldn’t they?
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Jackson said he didn’t steal the money. / Well, he would (say it), wouldn’t he?

2.2.1.1.2.4 Shall vs Will^
There are people who say that there is no difference between shall and
will, and some even claim that today nobody uses shall (except in offers
such as “Shall I call a taxi?”). This is not really true. The difference
between shall and will is often hidden by the fact that we usually contract
them in speaking with ‘ll. But the difference does exist.
The truth is that there are two conjugations for the verbs shall and will:
1st Conjugation (objective, simple statement of fact)
Singular
Plural
Person
Verb
Example
Contraction
I
shall
I shall be in London tomorrow.
I'll
you
will
You will see a large building on the left.
You'll
he, she, it
will
He will be wearing blue.
He'll
we
shall
We shall not be there when you arrive.
We shan't
you
will
You will find his office on the 7th floor.
You'll
they
will
They will arrive late.
They'll
2nd Conjugation (subjective, strong assertion, promise or command)
Singular
Plural
Person
Verb
Example
Contraction
I
will
I will do everything possible to help.
I'll
you
shall
You shall be sorry for this.
You'll
he, she, it
shall
It shall be done.
It'll
we
will
We will not interfere.
We won't
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you
shall
You shall do as you're told.
You'll
they
shall
They shall give one month's notice.
They'll
It is true that this difference is not universally recognized. However, many a good English
dictionary or legal document has often contained phrases such as:

“Each party shall give one month’s notice in writing in the event of termination.”
Note that exactly the same rule applies in the case of should and would. It is perfectly
normal, and somewhat more elegant, to write, for example:

“I should be grateful if you would kindly send me your latest catalogue.”
^Adapted from http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals_shall-will.htm.
留意假如不說 If you have any questions，可說 If you should have any questions，只
是兩句含義有點不同。不用 should 的寫法，表示對方可能有疑問；用 should 的寫法，
則表示對方未必會有疑問。If there are any questions 和 if there should be any questions
的分別也是如此。
2.2.1.1.2.5
Should
2.2.1.1.2.5.1


The past tense of shall (將，會)
We hoped that we should be able to do that.
I told her I should go to see her.
2.2.1.1.2.5.2
In a stronger tone or manner of speaking,
expressing “if by any (remote) chance, by any possibility, in case
of (contingency)” (萬一), “to one's surprise, unexpectedly” (竟
然)


If the car should break down on the way, you would have to walk back.
Should you have any queries, please feel free to write and call our office.
2.2.1.1.2.5.3 Expressing obligation 應該, propriety 適當, 正當,
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or expediency 適宜


You should do as she says. 你應當照她說的去做。
You should help your mother with the housework. 你應該幫你母親做家務。
2.2.1.1.2.5.4 Expressing probability (可能性), conjecture, speculation
(推測, 推論) or expectation (期待)


With an early start, they should be here by noon.
Dinner should be ready by now.
2.2.1.1.2.5.5
Expressing conditions

If he should leave his father, his father would die. — Genesis 44:22 (Revised
Standard Version)

If they should have been hardy but didn't come up or bloom, there could be
several reasons.
2.2.1.1.2.5.6 Expressing a request in a polite manner or to soften direct
statement


Who should I see about my schedule?
I should suggest that you consider the service finished.
2.2.1.1.2.5.7 Expressing sorry (惋惜), surprise (驚訝，竟然會)

Alas, that Spring should vanish with the Rose! That Youth's sweet-scented
manuscript should close. -- Edward FitzGerald. (唉，奈何明媚陽春，和玫瑰同
逝；奈何美好的少年篇章，竟會結束。)

It is strange that the authorities should have agreed to the change in use of the
hospital site for residential development. (政府竟然會把醫院用地改作住宅發
展，不合情理。)

I'm sorry it should be this way. (很遺憾，事情竟會是這個樣子。)
2.2.1.1.2.6
Must 過去式是 had to, must have
問： We wanted to reach a small village and knew we must be near（我們想走到一條小
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村莊，並深信不必再走多遠）這一句，說過去的事，怎麼用 must？ Must 不是現在
式動詞嗎？
答： Must 解作「必須」
，過去式是 had to；解作帶估計含義的「一定」
，過去式是 must
have，例如 I must pay the bill（我必須付帳）、 We must be near a village（我們一定
離村莊不遠）這兩句，都是說現在的事； I had to pay the bill、 We must have been near
a village 這兩句，則是說「我當時必須付帳」、「我們當時一定離村莊不遠」。
但是，假如 must 是用 said、 told、 knew、 felt 之類動詞帶出，表示當時說或認
為「必須」
、
「一定」等，那麼， must 也可用於過去的事，例如： He told me I must
pay the bill、 We felt we must be near a village。 Must 的這個用法，留心一點，經常
可以見到。
2.2.1.1.3 3 Semi-modal Verbs
These semi-modal verbs are partly like modal helping verbs and partly
like main verbs, or just a verbal phrase.
need (need can be used as either a helping verb or a main verb. When need is
used as a helping verb, its form, and the main verb that follows it, does not change
with different categories of person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), nor with singular or plural
subjects. When need is used as a main verb, the second verb that follows it will be
changed to “to infinitive”.








Need I say more? Yes, you need say more.
(You need to say more.) – need used as a main verb.
You needn’t be so rude!
(You needn’t to be so rude!) – need used as a main verb.
All he need do is this.
(All he needs to do is this.) – needs used as a main verb.
Nobody need worry.
(Nobody needs to worry.) – needs used as a main verb.
dare

I daren’t look.
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




(I do not dare to look.) – dare used as a main verb.
How dare you say such a thing!
(How dare you!) – dare used as a main verb.
Jim daren’t go near him.
(Jim does not dare to go near him.) – dare used as a main verb.
used to

used to (We used to go to the movies on Saturdays. I used to read a lot but I
don’t have time now. Did you use to read a lot of books? We didn’t use to read
much at all.) (Mok: The “to” in the verb phrase here is not used as a preposition,
otherwise, it should be followed by a noun or gerund. Here, it is followed by an
original verb form. So, should we treat the “to go” of “used to go” as an
infinitive?)
(Mok: After some work done looking for the answer to the above puzzle, it is now
clear that phrases like “used to” is an exception to the rule. Other exceptions
include phrases like “in order to,” “so as to,” “in a position to,” etc. For details,
see 5.4 To do or to doing? Particularly, 5.4.1.2.1.)
Used to is to talk about something that happened often or regularly in the past but
no longer happens. It is not a tense; rather, it is a verbal phrase or expression. Or,
some grammarians say this “used” is a verb without present tense.
Be used to is a phrasal verb that is followed by a noun / gerund. The “used” here
is a past participle used as an adjective. Eg.


I am used to horses. (followed by a noun)
George is used to driving on the left. (followed by a gerund)
Get used to is another phrasal verb that is followed by a noun / gerund, to talk
about the process of something becoming normal for us. Eg.


I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it.
She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day.
(see also 5.4 To do or to doing?)
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* To resolve the difference between “used to” and “be / get used to,” see the end of
this lesson here, starting on page 12.
2.2.1.2 Main Verbs
Main verbs have meaning of their own, and there are hundreds of them (see a
list of main verbs, beginning at p. 15).
2.2.1.2.1 Dynamic verbs and Stative verbs
As said at the beginning of Lesson 2, a verb, ie., a main verb, has 2
functions: it either describes “action,” or it describes “a state of being.”
So in terms of function, these hundreds of main verbs can be classified
into dynamic verbs 動態動詞 and stative verbs 狀態動詞. Often,
stative verbs are about liking or disliking something, or about a mental
state, not about an action.
2.2.1.2.1.1

dynamic verb examples:
hit, explode, fight, run, go, find, fly, swim, jump…
2.2.1.2.1.2
stative verb examples:

be

like, love, prefer, wish
impress, please, surprise
hear, see, sound
belong to, consist of, contain, include, need
appear, resemble, seem




2.2.1.2.1.3 Some verbs may be used, with a different meaning, as
dynamic or stative verbs. Eg.


She is seeing someone right now. (dynamic)
I can see someone right now. (stative)
2.2.1.2.2 Linking verbs
Linking verbs do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject to
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the subject complement which renames or describes the subject. When a
linking verb is followed by an adjective, the adjective serves to describe
the subject and functions as the subject complement; when a linking
verb is followed by a noun, the noun serves to rename the subject and
functions as the subject complement. Eg.

The cake tastes good.

The car is slow.
The seas turned rough.
The play they are playing at the college playhouse is Waiting for Godot.






Some of us think that the play is very good.
Others think it becomes boring after the first fifteen minutes.
The cast appears disorganized and confused; perhaps Beckett intended this.
The play seems absurd to me.
2.2.1.2.2.1

Linking verbs are often either verbs of sensation, eg.
feel, look, smell, sound, taste
2.2.1.2.2.2 or, verbs of existence, eg.

act, appear, be, become, continue, grow, prove, remain, seem, sit, stand, turn
2.2.1.2.2.3 A verb that is used as a linking verb may also be used as
a verb that describes action, and not as a linking verb. Eg.

Jojo insists that the water in Des Moines tastes terrible. (tastes -- linking verb)

I tasted the soup before adding more salt. (tasted – action verb)
Peter grew angry. (grew – linking verb)
The grass grew quickly. (grew – action verb)


How does one tell when a verb is an action verb and when it is a
linking verb?
If one can substitute be (am, is or are) and the sentence still sounds
logical, then it is a linking verb. If, after the substitution, the sentence
makes no sense, then it is an action verb. Eg.
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



The chicken dish smells good. / The chicken dish is good. (linking verb)
Liza smells the delicious aroma of the chicken baking in the oven. / Liza
is the delicious aroma of the chicken baking in the oven (?) (action verb)
Richard feels depressed after the exam. / Richard is depressed after the
exam. (linking verb)
Richard felt the pain of his girlfriend leaving him. / Richard is the pain of
his girlfriend leaving him (?) (action verb)
2.2.1.2.2.4 Verbs that can exist as either action verbs or
linking verbs include:

grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, turn, stay, get, appear, feel
2.2.1.2.2.5 The most common linking verbs are:

be, appear, become, feel, get, grow, lie, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound,
stay, taste, turn
2.2.1.2.3 Transitive verbs and Intransitive verbs
These verbs are also classified by other criteria, as transitive verbs 及物
動詞 and intransitive verbs 不及物動詞. A transitive verb takes a direct
object: He eats fish. An intransitive verb does not have a direct object: He
died.
2.2.1.2.3.1

George eats fish.

They are watching TV.
He speaks Chinese.

2.2.1.2.3.2



Transitive verb examples:
Intransitive verb examples:
Jenny has arrived.
Paul speaks fast.
My heart aches.
2.2.1.2.3.2.1 Intransitive verb + preposition + object (some
grammarians call this ‘preposition + object’ as ‘supplement’.)
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Some intransitive verbs use a preposition to bring out an object.
Eg.



He laughed at his own clumsiness.
She pointed at the map.
Peter is sitting in a chair.
2.2.1.2.4 Regular verbs and Irregular verbs
Main verbs can also be classified into regular verbs and irregular verbs.
The only difference between regular and irregular verbs is that they have
different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular
verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same:
-ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle
ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart.
2.2.1.2.4.1


look, looked, looked
work, worked, worked
2.2.1.2.4.2



Regular verb examples:
Irregular verb examples:
go, went, gone
sleep, slept, slept
cut, cut, cut
* When writing the main verbs in a sentence, many of our students often have the be
form and the do form mixed up, or write both into a sentence.
-------------------------Used to, Be used to, Get used to, Look forward to, In order to, In a position to
Dear Mr. Ku,
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I am a teacher of English, have always read your column on English, and have
recommended your column to my students, telling them that it is where I've learned some
of my teachings to them. Here is one item on grammar that I couldn't find an answer to
and would appreciate your help.
Why is the verb placed after the phrasal verb "used to" not in gerund form but in base
form, as in the example:
I used to come here a lot but not anymore.
My understanding is that the "to" ending of other phrasal verbs is treated as a preposition,
as in "look forward to," "be used to," and "get used to," and therefore is followed by
either a gerund or a noun. So why is "used to" different? Is it not a phrase after all?
Thank you in advance for your help, either directly or in your column.
Sincerely,
John Mok.
--------------------過去經常、雖然如此
古德明 2010 年 12 月 09 日
問： Used to（過去經常）一詞之後，為什麼不用 ing 動詞，而用原形動詞
（infinitive）？ Be / get used to（習慣了）
、look forward to（盼望）等固定詞語之後，
不是都用 ing 動詞的嗎？
答： To 用在固定詞語末尾，其後不一定接 ing 動詞， in order to / so as to （為了）、
in a position to（能夠）等，其後就用原形動詞，例如： （1） He left early in order to
be on time（他很早離去，以免遲到）。 （2） I am not in a position to help（我愛莫
能助）。
I used to smoke（我過去常常吸煙）的 to，和 in order to 的 to 一樣，只是用來帶出
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原形動詞； I am used to staying up late（我習慣了熬夜）的 to，則是介系詞
（preposition），其後須用 ing 動詞。至於哪些詞語的 to 是介系詞，哪些不是，哪
些既可作介系詞又可帶出原形動詞，例如 He is committed to helping / help his
students（他致力幫助學生）等，只能看慣用法，沒有原則可循。
又 used to 的 used，是個沒有現在式的動詞； be used to 的 used，則是形容詞，兩
字不可混淆。
---------------------------------
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2.3 A List of Main Verbs
A
abide
accelerate
accept
accomplish
achieve
acquire
acted
activate
adapt
add
address
administer
admire
admit
adopt
advise
afford
agree
alert
alight
allow
altered
amuse
analyze
announce
annoy
answer
anticipate
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apologize
appear
applaud
applied
appoint
appraise
appreciate
approve
arbitrate
argue
arise
arrange
arrest
arrive
ascertain
ask
assemble
assess
assist
assure
attach
attack
attain
attempt
attend
attract
audited
avoid
awake
B
back
bake
balance
ban
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bang
bare
bat
bathe
battle
be
beam
bear
beat
become
beg
begin
behave
behold
belong
bend
beset
bet
bid
bind
bite
bleach
bleed
bless
blind
blink
blot
blow
blush
boast
boil
bolt
bomb
book
bore
borrow
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bounce
bow
box
brake
branch
break
breathe
breed
brief
bring
broadcast
bruise
brush
bubble
budget
build
bump
burn
burst
bury
bust
buy
buzz
C
calculate
call
camp
care
carry
carve
cast
catalog
catch
cause
20
challenge
change
charge
chart
chase
cheat
check
cheer
chew
choke
choose
chop
claim
clap
clarify
classify
clean
clear
cling
clip
close
clothe
coach
coil
collect
color
comb
come
command
communicate
compare
compete
compile
complain
complete
compose
21
compute
conceive
concentrate
conceptualize
concern
conclude
conduct
confess
confront
confuse
connect
conserve
consider
consist
consolidate
construct
consult
contain
continue
contract
control
convert
coordinate
copy
correct
correlate
cost
cough
counsel
count
cover
crack
crash
crawl
create
creep
22
critique
cross
crush
cry
cure
curl
curve
cut
cycle
D
dam
damage
dance
dare
deal
decay
deceive
decide
decorate
define
delay
delegate
delight
deliver
demonstrate
depend
describe
desert
deserve
design
destroy
detail
detect
determine
23
develop
devise
diagnose
dig
direct
disagree
disappear
disapprove
disarm
discover
dislike
dispense
display
disprove
dissect
distribute
dive
divert
divide
do
double
doubt
draft
drag
drain
dramatize
draw
dream
dress
drink
drip
drive
drop
drown
drum
dry
24
dust
dwell
E
earn
eat
edited
educate
eliminate
embarrass
employ
empty
enacted
encourage
end
endure
enforce
engineer
enhance
enjoy
enlist
ensure
enter
entertain
escape
establish
estimate
evaluate
examine
exceed
excite
excuse
execute
exercise
exhibit
25
exist
expand
expect
expedite
experiment
explain
explode
express
extend
extract
F
face
facilitate
fade
fail
fancy
fasten
fax
fear
feed
feel
fence
fetch
fight
file
fill
film
finalize
finance
find
fire
fit
fix
flap
26
flash
flee
fling
float
flood
flow
flower
fly
fold
follow
fool
forbid
force
forecast
forego
foresee
foretell
forget
forgive
form
formulate
forsake
frame
freeze
frighten
fry
G
gather
gaze
generate
get
give
glow
glue
27
go
govern
grab
graduate
grate
grease
greet
grin
grind
grip
groan
grow
guarantee
guard
guess
guide
H
hammer
hand
handle
handwrite
hang
happen
harass
harm
hate
haunt
head
heal
heap
hear
heat
help
hide
28
hit
hold
hook
hop
hope
hover
hug
hum
hunt
hurry
hurt
hypothesize
I
identify
ignore
illustrate
imagine
implement
impress
improve
improvise
include
increase
induce
influence
inform
initiate
inject
injure
inlay
innovate
input
inspect
inspire
29
install
institute
instruct
insure
integrate
intend
intensify
interest
interfere
interlay
interpret
interrupt
interview
introduce
invent
inventory
investigate
invite
irritate
itch
J
jail
jam
jog
join
joke
judge
juggle
jump
justify
K
keep
30
kept
kick
kill
kiss
kneel
knit
knock
knot
know
L
label
land
last
laugh
launch
lay
lead
lean
leap
learn
leave
lecture
led
lend
let
level
license
lick
lie
lifted
light
lighten
like
list
31
listen
live
load
locate
lock
log
long
look
lose
love
M
maintain
make
man
manage
manipulate
manufacture
map
march
mark
market
marry
match
mate
matter
mean
measure
meddle
mediate
meet
melt
melt
memorize
mend
32
mentor
milk
mine
mislead
miss
misspell
mistake
misunderstand
mix
moan
model
modify
monitor
moor
motivate
mourn
move
mow
muddle
mug
multiply
murder
N
nail
name
navigate
need
negotiate
nest
nod
nominate
normalize
note
notice
33
number
O
obey
object
observe
obtain
occur
offend
offer
officiate
open
operate
order
organize
oriented
originate
overcome
overdo
overdraw
overflow
overhear
overtake
overthrow
owe
own
P
pack
paddle
paint
park
part
participate
34
pass
paste
pat
pause
pay
peck
pedal
peel
peep
perceive
perfect
perform
permit
persuade
phone
photograph
pick
pilot
pinch
pine
pinpoint
pioneer
place
plan
plant
play
plead
please
plug
point
poke
polish
pop
possess
post
pour
35
practice
praised
pray
preach
precede
predict
prefer
prepare
prescribe
present
preserve
preset
preside
press
pretend
prevent
prick
print
process
procure
produce
profess
program
progress
project
promise
promote
proofread
propose
protect
prove
provide
publicize
pull
pump
punch
36
puncture
punish
purchase
push
put
Q
qualify
question
queue
quit
R
race
radiate
rain
raise
rank
rate
reach
read
realign
realize
reason
receive
recognize
recommend
reconcile
record
recruit
reduce
refer
reflect
refuse
37
regret
regulate
rehabilitate
reign
reinforce
reject
rejoice
relate
relax
release
rely
remain
remember
remind
remove
render
reorganize
repair
repeat
replace
reply
report
represent
reproduce
request
rescue
research
resolve
respond
restored
restructure
retire
retrieve
return
review
revise
38
rhyme
rid
ride
ring
rinse
rise
risk
rob
rock
roll
rot
rub
ruin
rule
run
rush
S
sack
sail
satisfy
save
saw
say
scare
scatter
schedule
scold
scorch
scrape
scratch
scream
screw
scribble
scrub
39
seal
search
secure
see
seek
select
sell
send
sense
separate
serve
service
set
settle
sew
shade
shake
shape
share
shave
shear
shed
shelter
shine
shiver
shock
shoe
shoot
shop
show
shrink
shrug
shut
sigh
sign
signal
40
simplify
sin
sing
sink
sip
sit
sketch
ski
skip
slap
slay
sleep
slide
sling
slink
slip
slit
slow
smash
smell
smile
smite
smoke
snatch
sneak
sneeze
sniff
snore
snow
soak
solve
soothe
soothsay
sort
sound
sow
41
spare
spark
sparkle
speak
specify
speed
spell
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spoil
spot
spray
spread
spring
sprout
squash
squeak
squeal
squeeze
stain
stamp
stand
stare
start
stay
steal
steer
step
stick
stimulate
sting
stink
stir
42
stitch
stop
store
strap
streamline
strengthen
stretch
stride
strike
string
strip
strive
stroke
structure
study
stuff
sublet
subtract
succeed
suck
suffer
suggest
suit
summarize
supervise
supply
support
suppose
surprise
surround
suspect
suspend
swear
sweat
sweep
swell
43
swim
swing
switch
symbolize
synthesize
systemize
T
tabulate
take
talk
tame
tap
target
taste
teach
tear
tease
telephone
tell
tempt
terrify
test
thank
thaw
think
thrive
throw
thrust
tick
tickle
tie
time
tip
tire
44
touch
tour
tow
trace
trade
train
transcribe
transfer
transform
translate
transport
trap
travel
tread
treat
tremble
trick
trip
trot
trouble
troubleshoot
trust
try
tug
tumble
turn
tutor
twist
type
U
undergo
understand
undertake
undress
45
unfasten
unify
unite
unlock
unpack
untidy
update
upgrade
uphold
upset
use
utilize
V
vanish
verbalize
verify
vex
visit
W
wail
wait
wake
walk
wander
want
warm
warn
wash
waste
watch
water
wave
46
wear
weave
wed
weep
weigh
welcome
wend
wet
whine
whip
whirl
whisper
whistle
win
wind
wink
wipe
wish
withdraw
withhold
withstand
wobble
wonder
work
worry
wrap
wreck
wrestle
wriggle
wring
write
X
x-ray
47
Y
yawn
yell
Z
zip
zoom
---------------------------
48