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Lesson 2: Verbs 2.1 What are Verbs? 2.1.1 The verb is the most important part of a sentence. The shortest sentence contains a verb. For example: “Come!” (an imperative sentence, giving a command.) You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other part of speech. (Mok: what about interjections? Eg. You can say, “Ouch!” to express a complete thought of pain.) 2.1.2 A verb has 2 functions: it either describes “action” (bring, read, walk, run, kill—technically called the dynamic verbs 動態動詞), or it describes “a state of being” (be, exist, like, hear, appear--the stative verbs 狀態動詞). 2.1.3 A verb always has a subject. We can say that verbs are words that tell us what a subject does or is. Eg. action (George plays basketball.) state (Peter looks happy.) 2.1.4 Almost all verbs change in form (conjugate 動詞的詞形變化) based on tense and person. Most other types of words (adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, etc.) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular and plural forms; or for some, with the first alphabet capitalized or not may refer to different things, like China and china). 2.2 Classification of Verbs Verbs can be classified in many different ways. Here we first distinguish verbs into helping verbs and main verbs. Then in the category of the main verbs, we will further group them into dynamic verbs and stative verbs according to their functions; then into transitive verbs and intransitive verbs, depending on whether there should be an object after the verb or not; and finally, into regular verbs and irregular verbs, based on the structure of the verbs in simple past tense and past participle tense. Grammarians further introduce a category called the linking verbs, which are verbs that do not add much meaning but link a subject to a subject complement that identifies or describes the subject. Since linking verbs are always stative, so we have inserted the linking verbs after the stative verbs here. 1 2.2.1 Helping verbs and Main (lexical 語彙的) verbs. 2.2.1.1 Helping verbs Helping verbs have no meaning on their own. We usually use helping verbs with the main verbs to help specify the grammatical structure of the main verbs. A helping verb is always the first word in the verb phrase. There are 13 helping verbs + 3 semi-helping verbs, and they are: be, have, do, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, need, dare, and used to. 2.2.1.1.1 3 Primary Helping Verbs These 3 primary helping verbs (or auxiliary verbs) can be helping verbs or main verbs. be - to make continuous tenses (He was watching TV.) - to make passive voices (Smaller animals are eaten by bigger animals.) have - to make perfect tenses (She has gone.) do - to make negatives (Jason does not like apples.) - to ask questions (Do you want some orange juice?) - to show emphasis (Mary does want to go on the trip.) - to stand for a main verb in some constructions (He speaks faster than she does.) 2.2.1.1.2 10 Modal Auxiliary Verbs These 10 modal auxiliary verbs always have the same form, and after a modal auxiliary verb we put a bare infinitive of the main verb. 2 The 10 modal auxiliary verbs are: can, could (I can’t speak Japanese. She could come tomorrow.) may, might (May I come? Fanny might do it.) will, would (They will join the army next year. Would you like a drink?) shall, should (I shall be there. Should you be driving so fast?) must (Visitors must not smoke.) ought to (They ought to come.) 2.2.1.1.2.1 Can, Could, Would: Requests We often use can in a question to ask somebody to do something. This is not a real question—we do not really want to know if the person is able to do something, we want them to do it! The use of can in this way is informal (mainly between friends and family). Eg. Can you be quiet! Can you come here for a minute. We often use could in a question to ask somebody to do something. The use of could in this way is fairly polite (formal). Eg. Could you close the window, please? Would is also used to make polite requests, sometimes exchangeable with could. Eg. Would you close the window, please? 2.2.1.1.2.2 Can and Could: Permission and Offer Can is sometimes used to ask or to give permission, or to offer, in an informal way. Eg. Can I smoke here? You can’t smoke here, but you can smoke in the garden. 3 Can I get you something to drink? Could is sometimes used to ask or to give permission, or to offer, in a polite (formal) way. Eg. Could I smoke here? Could I get you something to drink? 2.2.1.1.2.3 Would Would is a multi-function modal auxiliary verb. In addition to being the past tense of will, would is served as a modal verb in many other situations, often in present tense. 2.2.1.1.2.3.1 Past Tense of will or going to, eg: I thought it would rain so I brought my umbrella. Why didn’t you bring your umbrella? I told you it would rain! (It’s going to rain.) She said that she would buy some eggs. (reported speech) 2.2.1.1.2.3.2 Talking about habitual past behavior, eg: Every summer we would go to the beach. We would always argue. We could never agree. 2.2.1.1.2.3.3 Future in past. When talking about the past we can use would to express something that has not happened at the time of speech. Eg: In London she met the man whom she would one day marry. 2.2.1.1.2.3.4 2nd and 3rd Conditionals: If he lost his job he would have no money. (2nd conditional) If Philip had arrived earlier, he would have seen you. (3rd conditional) 2.2.1.1.2.3.5 present): Giving advice in conditional structure (in the 4 I wouldn’t do that if I were you. 2.2.1.1.2.3.6 I would love to come. (vs: I love to come.) What I would really like is some sweet potato. (vs: What I really like is some sweet potato.) Mok: give the speech some politeness? 2.2.1.1.2.3.7 Expressing desire or inclination (in the present): Expressing opinion or hope (in the present): I suppose some people would call it grace. (vs: I suppose some people call it grace.) I would expect him to come. 2.2.1.1.2.3.8 present): Expressing presumption or expectation (in the That would be Jojo calling. I’ll answer it. 2.2.1.1.2.3.9 (vs: I expect him to come.) (vs: That should be Jojo calling.) Used with Wish. I wish you would stay. (vs: I hope you will stay. I want you to stay.) (wish – would; hope – will) 2.2.1.1.2.3.10 Polite requests and questions (in the present): Would you open the door, please? Would you happen to know the answer? 2.2.1.1.2.3.11 Expressing uncertainty: He would seem to be getting better. (less certain than: He seems to be getting better.) 2.2.1.1.2.3.12 Expressing derogatory 貶義的 (in the present or the past): Sure, they would say that, wouldn’t they? 5 Jackson said he didn’t steal the money. / Well, he would (say it), wouldn’t he? 2.2.1.1.2.4 Shall vs Will^ There are people who say that there is no difference between shall and will, and some even claim that today nobody uses shall (except in offers such as “Shall I call a taxi?”). This is not really true. The difference between shall and will is often hidden by the fact that we usually contract them in speaking with ‘ll. But the difference does exist. The truth is that there are two conjugations for the verbs shall and will: 1st Conjugation (objective, simple statement of fact) Singular Plural Person Verb Example Contraction I shall I shall be in London tomorrow. I'll you will You will see a large building on the left. You'll he, she, it will He will be wearing blue. He'll we shall We shall not be there when you arrive. We shan't you will You will find his office on the 7th floor. You'll they will They will arrive late. They'll 2nd Conjugation (subjective, strong assertion, promise or command) Singular Plural Person Verb Example Contraction I will I will do everything possible to help. I'll you shall You shall be sorry for this. You'll he, she, it shall It shall be done. It'll we will We will not interfere. We won't 6 you shall You shall do as you're told. You'll they shall They shall give one month's notice. They'll It is true that this difference is not universally recognized. However, many a good English dictionary or legal document has often contained phrases such as: “Each party shall give one month’s notice in writing in the event of termination.” Note that exactly the same rule applies in the case of should and would. It is perfectly normal, and somewhat more elegant, to write, for example: “I should be grateful if you would kindly send me your latest catalogue.” ^Adapted from http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals_shall-will.htm. 留意假如不說 If you have any questions,可說 If you should have any questions,只 是兩句含義有點不同。不用 should 的寫法,表示對方可能有疑問;用 should 的寫法, 則表示對方未必會有疑問。If there are any questions 和 if there should be any questions 的分別也是如此。 2.2.1.1.2.5 Should 2.2.1.1.2.5.1 The past tense of shall (將,會) We hoped that we should be able to do that. I told her I should go to see her. 2.2.1.1.2.5.2 In a stronger tone or manner of speaking, expressing “if by any (remote) chance, by any possibility, in case of (contingency)” (萬一), “to one's surprise, unexpectedly” (竟 然) If the car should break down on the way, you would have to walk back. Should you have any queries, please feel free to write and call our office. 2.2.1.1.2.5.3 Expressing obligation 應該, propriety 適當, 正當, 7 or expediency 適宜 You should do as she says. 你應當照她說的去做。 You should help your mother with the housework. 你應該幫你母親做家務。 2.2.1.1.2.5.4 Expressing probability (可能性), conjecture, speculation (推測, 推論) or expectation (期待) With an early start, they should be here by noon. Dinner should be ready by now. 2.2.1.1.2.5.5 Expressing conditions If he should leave his father, his father would die. — Genesis 44:22 (Revised Standard Version) If they should have been hardy but didn't come up or bloom, there could be several reasons. 2.2.1.1.2.5.6 Expressing a request in a polite manner or to soften direct statement Who should I see about my schedule? I should suggest that you consider the service finished. 2.2.1.1.2.5.7 Expressing sorry (惋惜), surprise (驚訝,竟然會) Alas, that Spring should vanish with the Rose! That Youth's sweet-scented manuscript should close. -- Edward FitzGerald. (唉,奈何明媚陽春,和玫瑰同 逝;奈何美好的少年篇章,竟會結束。) It is strange that the authorities should have agreed to the change in use of the hospital site for residential development. (政府竟然會把醫院用地改作住宅發 展,不合情理。) I'm sorry it should be this way. (很遺憾,事情竟會是這個樣子。) 2.2.1.1.2.6 Must 過去式是 had to, must have 問: We wanted to reach a small village and knew we must be near(我們想走到一條小 8 村莊,並深信不必再走多遠)這一句,說過去的事,怎麼用 must? Must 不是現在 式動詞嗎? 答: Must 解作「必須」 ,過去式是 had to;解作帶估計含義的「一定」 ,過去式是 must have,例如 I must pay the bill(我必須付帳)、 We must be near a village(我們一定 離村莊不遠)這兩句,都是說現在的事; I had to pay the bill、 We must have been near a village 這兩句,則是說「我當時必須付帳」、「我們當時一定離村莊不遠」。 但是,假如 must 是用 said、 told、 knew、 felt 之類動詞帶出,表示當時說或認 為「必須」 、 「一定」等,那麼, must 也可用於過去的事,例如: He told me I must pay the bill、 We felt we must be near a village。 Must 的這個用法,留心一點,經常 可以見到。 2.2.1.1.3 3 Semi-modal Verbs These semi-modal verbs are partly like modal helping verbs and partly like main verbs, or just a verbal phrase. need (need can be used as either a helping verb or a main verb. When need is used as a helping verb, its form, and the main verb that follows it, does not change with different categories of person (1st, 2nd, 3rd), nor with singular or plural subjects. When need is used as a main verb, the second verb that follows it will be changed to “to infinitive”. Need I say more? Yes, you need say more. (You need to say more.) – need used as a main verb. You needn’t be so rude! (You needn’t to be so rude!) – need used as a main verb. All he need do is this. (All he needs to do is this.) – needs used as a main verb. Nobody need worry. (Nobody needs to worry.) – needs used as a main verb. dare I daren’t look. 9 (I do not dare to look.) – dare used as a main verb. How dare you say such a thing! (How dare you!) – dare used as a main verb. Jim daren’t go near him. (Jim does not dare to go near him.) – dare used as a main verb. used to used to (We used to go to the movies on Saturdays. I used to read a lot but I don’t have time now. Did you use to read a lot of books? We didn’t use to read much at all.) (Mok: The “to” in the verb phrase here is not used as a preposition, otherwise, it should be followed by a noun or gerund. Here, it is followed by an original verb form. So, should we treat the “to go” of “used to go” as an infinitive?) (Mok: After some work done looking for the answer to the above puzzle, it is now clear that phrases like “used to” is an exception to the rule. Other exceptions include phrases like “in order to,” “so as to,” “in a position to,” etc. For details, see 5.4 To do or to doing? Particularly, 5.4.1.2.1.) Used to is to talk about something that happened often or regularly in the past but no longer happens. It is not a tense; rather, it is a verbal phrase or expression. Or, some grammarians say this “used” is a verb without present tense. Be used to is a phrasal verb that is followed by a noun / gerund. The “used” here is a past participle used as an adjective. Eg. I am used to horses. (followed by a noun) George is used to driving on the left. (followed by a gerund) Get used to is another phrasal verb that is followed by a noun / gerund, to talk about the process of something becoming normal for us. Eg. I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly got used to it. She has started working nights and is still getting used to sleeping during the day. (see also 5.4 To do or to doing?) 10 * To resolve the difference between “used to” and “be / get used to,” see the end of this lesson here, starting on page 12. 2.2.1.2 Main Verbs Main verbs have meaning of their own, and there are hundreds of them (see a list of main verbs, beginning at p. 15). 2.2.1.2.1 Dynamic verbs and Stative verbs As said at the beginning of Lesson 2, a verb, ie., a main verb, has 2 functions: it either describes “action,” or it describes “a state of being.” So in terms of function, these hundreds of main verbs can be classified into dynamic verbs 動態動詞 and stative verbs 狀態動詞. Often, stative verbs are about liking or disliking something, or about a mental state, not about an action. 2.2.1.2.1.1 dynamic verb examples: hit, explode, fight, run, go, find, fly, swim, jump… 2.2.1.2.1.2 stative verb examples: be like, love, prefer, wish impress, please, surprise hear, see, sound belong to, consist of, contain, include, need appear, resemble, seem 2.2.1.2.1.3 Some verbs may be used, with a different meaning, as dynamic or stative verbs. Eg. She is seeing someone right now. (dynamic) I can see someone right now. (stative) 2.2.1.2.2 Linking verbs Linking verbs do not express action. Instead, they connect the subject to 11 the subject complement which renames or describes the subject. When a linking verb is followed by an adjective, the adjective serves to describe the subject and functions as the subject complement; when a linking verb is followed by a noun, the noun serves to rename the subject and functions as the subject complement. Eg. The cake tastes good. The car is slow. The seas turned rough. The play they are playing at the college playhouse is Waiting for Godot. Some of us think that the play is very good. Others think it becomes boring after the first fifteen minutes. The cast appears disorganized and confused; perhaps Beckett intended this. The play seems absurd to me. 2.2.1.2.2.1 Linking verbs are often either verbs of sensation, eg. feel, look, smell, sound, taste 2.2.1.2.2.2 or, verbs of existence, eg. act, appear, be, become, continue, grow, prove, remain, seem, sit, stand, turn 2.2.1.2.2.3 A verb that is used as a linking verb may also be used as a verb that describes action, and not as a linking verb. Eg. Jojo insists that the water in Des Moines tastes terrible. (tastes -- linking verb) I tasted the soup before adding more salt. (tasted – action verb) Peter grew angry. (grew – linking verb) The grass grew quickly. (grew – action verb) How does one tell when a verb is an action verb and when it is a linking verb? If one can substitute be (am, is or are) and the sentence still sounds logical, then it is a linking verb. If, after the substitution, the sentence makes no sense, then it is an action verb. Eg. 12 The chicken dish smells good. / The chicken dish is good. (linking verb) Liza smells the delicious aroma of the chicken baking in the oven. / Liza is the delicious aroma of the chicken baking in the oven (?) (action verb) Richard feels depressed after the exam. / Richard is depressed after the exam. (linking verb) Richard felt the pain of his girlfriend leaving him. / Richard is the pain of his girlfriend leaving him (?) (action verb) 2.2.1.2.2.4 Verbs that can exist as either action verbs or linking verbs include: grow, look, prove, remain, smell, sound, taste, turn, stay, get, appear, feel 2.2.1.2.2.5 The most common linking verbs are: be, appear, become, feel, get, grow, lie, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 2.2.1.2.3 Transitive verbs and Intransitive verbs These verbs are also classified by other criteria, as transitive verbs 及物 動詞 and intransitive verbs 不及物動詞. A transitive verb takes a direct object: He eats fish. An intransitive verb does not have a direct object: He died. 2.2.1.2.3.1 George eats fish. They are watching TV. He speaks Chinese. 2.2.1.2.3.2 Transitive verb examples: Intransitive verb examples: Jenny has arrived. Paul speaks fast. My heart aches. 2.2.1.2.3.2.1 Intransitive verb + preposition + object (some grammarians call this ‘preposition + object’ as ‘supplement’.) 13 Some intransitive verbs use a preposition to bring out an object. Eg. He laughed at his own clumsiness. She pointed at the map. Peter is sitting in a chair. 2.2.1.2.4 Regular verbs and Irregular verbs Main verbs can also be classified into regular verbs and irregular verbs. The only difference between regular and irregular verbs is that they have different endings for their past tense and past participle forms. For regular verbs, the past tense ending and past participle ending is always the same: -ed. For irregular verbs, the past tense ending and the past participle ending is variable, so it is necessary to learn them by heart. 2.2.1.2.4.1 look, looked, looked work, worked, worked 2.2.1.2.4.2 Regular verb examples: Irregular verb examples: go, went, gone sleep, slept, slept cut, cut, cut * When writing the main verbs in a sentence, many of our students often have the be form and the do form mixed up, or write both into a sentence. -------------------------Used to, Be used to, Get used to, Look forward to, In order to, In a position to Dear Mr. Ku, 14 I am a teacher of English, have always read your column on English, and have recommended your column to my students, telling them that it is where I've learned some of my teachings to them. Here is one item on grammar that I couldn't find an answer to and would appreciate your help. Why is the verb placed after the phrasal verb "used to" not in gerund form but in base form, as in the example: I used to come here a lot but not anymore. My understanding is that the "to" ending of other phrasal verbs is treated as a preposition, as in "look forward to," "be used to," and "get used to," and therefore is followed by either a gerund or a noun. So why is "used to" different? Is it not a phrase after all? Thank you in advance for your help, either directly or in your column. Sincerely, John Mok. --------------------過去經常、雖然如此 古德明 2010 年 12 月 09 日 問: Used to(過去經常)一詞之後,為什麼不用 ing 動詞,而用原形動詞 (infinitive)? Be / get used to(習慣了) 、look forward to(盼望)等固定詞語之後, 不是都用 ing 動詞的嗎? 答: To 用在固定詞語末尾,其後不一定接 ing 動詞, in order to / so as to (為了)、 in a position to(能夠)等,其後就用原形動詞,例如: (1) He left early in order to be on time(他很早離去,以免遲到)。 (2) I am not in a position to help(我愛莫 能助)。 I used to smoke(我過去常常吸煙)的 to,和 in order to 的 to 一樣,只是用來帶出 15 原形動詞; I am used to staying up late(我習慣了熬夜)的 to,則是介系詞 (preposition),其後須用 ing 動詞。至於哪些詞語的 to 是介系詞,哪些不是,哪 些既可作介系詞又可帶出原形動詞,例如 He is committed to helping / help his students(他致力幫助學生)等,只能看慣用法,沒有原則可循。 又 used to 的 used,是個沒有現在式的動詞; be used to 的 used,則是形容詞,兩 字不可混淆。 --------------------------------- 16 2.3 A List of Main Verbs A abide accelerate accept accomplish achieve acquire acted activate adapt add address administer admire admit adopt advise afford agree alert alight allow altered amuse analyze announce annoy answer anticipate 17 apologize appear applaud applied appoint appraise appreciate approve arbitrate argue arise arrange arrest arrive ascertain ask assemble assess assist assure attach attack attain attempt attend attract audited avoid awake B back bake balance ban 18 bang bare bat bathe battle be beam bear beat become beg begin behave behold belong bend beset bet bid bind bite bleach bleed bless blind blink blot blow blush boast boil bolt bomb book bore borrow 19 bounce bow box brake branch break breathe breed brief bring broadcast bruise brush bubble budget build bump burn burst bury bust buy buzz C calculate call camp care carry carve cast catalog catch cause 20 challenge change charge chart chase cheat check cheer chew choke choose chop claim clap clarify classify clean clear cling clip close clothe coach coil collect color comb come command communicate compare compete compile complain complete compose 21 compute conceive concentrate conceptualize concern conclude conduct confess confront confuse connect conserve consider consist consolidate construct consult contain continue contract control convert coordinate copy correct correlate cost cough counsel count cover crack crash crawl create creep 22 critique cross crush cry cure curl curve cut cycle D dam damage dance dare deal decay deceive decide decorate define delay delegate delight deliver demonstrate depend describe desert deserve design destroy detail detect determine 23 develop devise diagnose dig direct disagree disappear disapprove disarm discover dislike dispense display disprove dissect distribute dive divert divide do double doubt draft drag drain dramatize draw dream dress drink drip drive drop drown drum dry 24 dust dwell E earn eat edited educate eliminate embarrass employ empty enacted encourage end endure enforce engineer enhance enjoy enlist ensure enter entertain escape establish estimate evaluate examine exceed excite excuse execute exercise exhibit 25 exist expand expect expedite experiment explain explode express extend extract F face facilitate fade fail fancy fasten fax fear feed feel fence fetch fight file fill film finalize finance find fire fit fix flap 26 flash flee fling float flood flow flower fly fold follow fool forbid force forecast forego foresee foretell forget forgive form formulate forsake frame freeze frighten fry G gather gaze generate get give glow glue 27 go govern grab graduate grate grease greet grin grind grip groan grow guarantee guard guess guide H hammer hand handle handwrite hang happen harass harm hate haunt head heal heap hear heat help hide 28 hit hold hook hop hope hover hug hum hunt hurry hurt hypothesize I identify ignore illustrate imagine implement impress improve improvise include increase induce influence inform initiate inject injure inlay innovate input inspect inspire 29 install institute instruct insure integrate intend intensify interest interfere interlay interpret interrupt interview introduce invent inventory investigate invite irritate itch J jail jam jog join joke judge juggle jump justify K keep 30 kept kick kill kiss kneel knit knock knot know L label land last laugh launch lay lead lean leap learn leave lecture led lend let level license lick lie lifted light lighten like list 31 listen live load locate lock log long look lose love M maintain make man manage manipulate manufacture map march mark market marry match mate matter mean measure meddle mediate meet melt melt memorize mend 32 mentor milk mine mislead miss misspell mistake misunderstand mix moan model modify monitor moor motivate mourn move mow muddle mug multiply murder N nail name navigate need negotiate nest nod nominate normalize note notice 33 number O obey object observe obtain occur offend offer officiate open operate order organize oriented originate overcome overdo overdraw overflow overhear overtake overthrow owe own P pack paddle paint park part participate 34 pass paste pat pause pay peck pedal peel peep perceive perfect perform permit persuade phone photograph pick pilot pinch pine pinpoint pioneer place plan plant play plead please plug point poke polish pop possess post pour 35 practice praised pray preach precede predict prefer prepare prescribe present preserve preset preside press pretend prevent prick print process procure produce profess program progress project promise promote proofread propose protect prove provide publicize pull pump punch 36 puncture punish purchase push put Q qualify question queue quit R race radiate rain raise rank rate reach read realign realize reason receive recognize recommend reconcile record recruit reduce refer reflect refuse 37 regret regulate rehabilitate reign reinforce reject rejoice relate relax release rely remain remember remind remove render reorganize repair repeat replace reply report represent reproduce request rescue research resolve respond restored restructure retire retrieve return review revise 38 rhyme rid ride ring rinse rise risk rob rock roll rot rub ruin rule run rush S sack sail satisfy save saw say scare scatter schedule scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub 39 seal search secure see seek select sell send sense separate serve service set settle sew shade shake shape share shave shear shed shelter shine shiver shock shoe shoot shop show shrink shrug shut sigh sign signal 40 simplify sin sing sink sip sit sketch ski skip slap slay sleep slide sling slink slip slit slow smash smell smile smite smoke snatch sneak sneeze sniff snore snow soak solve soothe soothsay sort sound sow 41 spare spark sparkle speak specify speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spot spray spread spring sprout squash squeak squeal squeeze stain stamp stand stare start stay steal steer step stick stimulate sting stink stir 42 stitch stop store strap streamline strengthen stretch stride strike string strip strive stroke structure study stuff sublet subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit summarize supervise supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend swear sweat sweep swell 43 swim swing switch symbolize synthesize systemize T tabulate take talk tame tap target taste teach tear tease telephone tell tempt terrify test thank thaw think thrive throw thrust tick tickle tie time tip tire 44 touch tour tow trace trade train transcribe transfer transform translate transport trap travel tread treat tremble trick trip trot trouble troubleshoot trust try tug tumble turn tutor twist type U undergo understand undertake undress 45 unfasten unify unite unlock unpack untidy update upgrade uphold upset use utilize V vanish verbalize verify vex visit W wail wait wake walk wander want warm warn wash waste watch water wave 46 wear weave wed weep weigh welcome wend wet whine whip whirl whisper whistle win wind wink wipe wish withdraw withhold withstand wobble wonder work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle wring write X x-ray 47 Y yawn yell Z zip zoom --------------------------- 48