Download Chapter 1 – The nature of science

Biology I – Midterm Review Checklist
Chapter 1 – The nature of science
 The steps of the scientific method
 How to set up a controlled experiment
o Control group, experimental group, variable being tested
 Qualitative and Quantitative data
 The metric system
o Units of length, volume, mass and temperature
o Converting measurements
o Metric units prefixes  kilo-, deci-, centi-, milli-, micro-, nano-, pico Graphing data
o Independent variable, dependent variable
o Creating a line graph
o Analyzing data on a line graph, bar graph or pie graph
Chapter 2 – Biology as a science
 Unicellular, multicellular
 Characteristics of living things
 Microscopy
o What is a compound light microscope?
o Parts of a compound light microscope
o How to calculate total magnification for a compound light microscope.
o What is resolution?
o What is the limit of resolution?
o Advantages and disadvantages of using a compound light microscope.
o Transmission electron microscope
o Scanning electron microscope
o Dissecting microscope
o Phase contrast microscope
o Measuring the field of view under both low and high power.
o How to properly care for a microscope
o How to use a microscope
o How to prepare a wet mount slide.
o How to stain a specimen
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Chapter 3 – Introduction to Chemistry
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What is matter?
Mass, volume, weight, density.
What is a physical property? Examples of physical properties.
What are chemical properties?
Examples of physical and chemical changes.
The atom is the basic unit of matter
The atom
o Subatomic particles
o The make up of the nucleus of the atom
o What are Protons, neutrons and electrons?
o Atomic number
o Atomic mass
o The ability to figure out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for an element.
o Understand how to interpret the different parts of an element found in the periodic table
(atomic mass, atomic number, element’s symbol and name)
o Draw atoms with their nucleus and electrons, up to the first three energy levels.
o Understand the notation used to represent atomic number, atomic mass, charge, and
number of atoms.
The definition of an element
The three possible phases of an element  solid, liquid and gas
The three different types of elements  metal, non-metal, semi-metal
What is an isotope?
The ability to figure out the number of protons, neutrons and electrons for an isotope?
What is a radioactive isotope? What are they used for?
What is a compound?
What is a chemical formula?
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding
Chemical reactions
o Reactants, products
o Balancing chemical reactions
o Examples of chemical reactions
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Chapter 4 – The Chemical basis of life
 Water
o What is Hydrogen bonding?
o What is a polar molecule?
o What is a non-polar molecule?
o How does a water molecule dissolve other substances?
o What types of substances can a water molecule dissolve?
o What is a mixture?
o What is a solution?
o What is a solvent? A solute?
o What is an ion?
o What is a suspension?
o What happens to water when is freezes?
o Adhesive and cohesive properties of water.
o Water is a universal solvent.
o Why is water important to life?
o Heat of vaporization.
o Specific Heat
 Acids and Bases
o Properties of acids and bases.
o What is an acid?
o Why are acids important to us?
o Effects of acids on the environment.
o What is a base?
o Why are bases important to us?
o Effects of bases on the environment.
o What is a neutralization reaction?
o The pH scale.
 Organic compounds
o The most common elements found in all living things.
o What is an organic compound?
o Why is carbon such an important element?
o Monomer, polymer, polymerization
o What is an inorganic compound?
 Organic compounds of life
o Carbohydrates
 Examples
 Why are they important?
 Chemical structure of carbohydrates.
 Examples of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides and how they are
used.
 Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
o Lipids
 Examples
 How does an organism use them?
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 Chemical structure of a lipid.
 Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis.
 Saturated and unsaturated fats
 Sterols and phospholipids
o Proteins
 Examples
 Function of proteins
 Chemical structure of a protein.
 Chemical structure of an amino acid
 Peptide bond
 Dipeptide, polypeptide
 Function of enzymes.
 What is a catalyst?
 What is a substrate?
 How are enzymes usually named?
Chapter 5 – Cell Structure and Function
 The three parts of the cell theory.
 Structure and function of the following cell structures.
o Cell membrane
o Cell wall
o Nucleus
o Cytoplasm
 The difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
 Structure and function of the following cellular organelles
o Mitochondria
o Chloroplast
o Ribosomes
o Rough endoplasmic reticulum
o Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
o Golgi apparatus
o Lysosomes
o Vacuoles
o Plastids
o Cytoskeleton
o Cilia and flagella
 Identify and label the structures of both plant and animal cells.
 Know the differences between a plant and an animal cell.
 Movement of materials
o What is diffusion?
o What is meant by selectively permeable?
o What happens when equilibrium is reached when substances diffuse across a cell
membrane?
o What is osmosis?
o What is osmotic pressure and how does it relate to osmosis?
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o What is meant by a dilute solution? A concentrated solution?
o What is facilitated diffusion?
o What is active transport?
 Pumps, the types of endocytosis, exocytosis
o What is passive transport?
 Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion.
Chapter 6 – Cell Energy
 Photosynthesis
o The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
o The chemical equation for photosynthesis.
o What is an autotroph? A heterotroph? Examples?
o What is a pigment?
o How does a plant trap the energy of the sun?
o Energy storing compounds NADPH and ATP
o Oxidation and reduction
o The structure of a chloroplast
o Where in the chloroplast the reactions for photosynthesis take place.
o The light dependent reaction.
 Where in the chloroplast does it take place?
 The products of the light dependent reaction.
 Photolysis
 How ATP is formed.
 How NADPH is formed.
 What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?
o The light independent reaction
 Where in the chloroplast does it take place?
 What are the other names for the light independent reaction?
 What is carbon fixation?
 What is the purpose of NADPH and ATP?
 What are the products of the light independent reaction?
 Cellular Respiration
o The structure of the mitochondrion
o The chemical reaction for cellular respiration.
o Energy storing compoundsNADH, FADH, ATP
o Oxidation and reduction
o Glycolysis
 Where does it occur?
 Does not require oxygen.
 Products of glycolysis.
o Aerobic Respiration
 The three stages to aerobic respiration
 Where does aerobic respiration take place?
 In what stage is most of the ATP generated?
 Products of the preparatory step
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 Products of the krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
 Total number of ATP generated by Aerobic Respiration.
 What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
o Anaerobic Respiration
 What is anaerobic respiration?
 What is lactic acid fermentation? What is its purpose? What kinds of organisms
does it occur in?
 What is alcohol fermentation? What is its purpose? What kinds of organisms does
it occur in?
 What is the total number of ATP generated?
 Where does anaerobic respiration take place?
Chapter 7 – DNA structure, RNA structure and protein
synthesis
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What is a somatic cell?
How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?
Structure of a chromosome.
What is transformation?
What is a bacteriophage?
The structure of a nucleotide.
The structure of DNA.
What is the 3-D structure of DNA?
What is a purine? A pyrimidine?
What are the four nitrogenous bases for DNA?
What are the base pairing rules for the nitrogenous bases?
What is a gene?
Where are genes located?
Where are chromosomes located?
DNA replication
o During what stage of interphase is DNA replicated?
o What is meant by semi-conservative replication?
o Origin of replication
o Replication fork
o How does replication occur?
o Helicase, DNA polymerase
o Direction of DNA replication.
o What is the result of DNA replication?
o What can damage DNA?
 Protein Synthesis
o How are your traits, such as eye color, expressed?
o The three types of RNA and their function.
o Differences between RNA and DNA.
o What is transcription? What is the product of transcription?
 In which direction is mRNA synthesized?
 What are the base pairing rules for RNA.
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 What are the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA?
 How does transcription occur?
 Template strand.
 RNA polymerase
 Promoter site
 Terminator sequence
 Nuclear pores.
o Translation
 What is a tRNA?
 What are the two parts to a tRNA molecule?
 What is an rRNA?
 What is the make up of a ribosome?
 What are the three binding sites in a ribosome? What purpose do they serve?
 What is translation?
 What happens during each step of translation?
 In which direction is the mRNA read?
 What is the result of translation?
o Genetic Code
 What is a codon?
 In which direction are codons read along the mRNA?
 What is an anti-codon?
 How many amino acids are there?
 How to read the genetic code chart.
o Mutations
 What can be the result of mutations?
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Chapter 8 – Cell growth and division
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What happens to the surface area and volume as a cell increases in size?
Problems a cell encounters as it increases in size.
Which types of cells divide at a rapid rate? At a slow rate?
Why is cell division necessary?
What is uncontrollable cell division called? What happens when cell division is not stopped?
What forms?
What is a chromosome?
What is a chromosome made up of?
What is the difference between a chromosome of a eukaryote and a prokaryote?
What is a somatic cell?
How many chromosomes are found in a human somatic cell?
What is the diploid number of chromosomes?
What is a homologous pair?
Structure of a chromosome?
o DNA, histones, nucleosome
What is condensation of a chromosome?
The three stages of the cell cycle.
Interphase
o G1, S and G2.
o What happens during each stage of interphase?
o What stage of interphase are cells such as nerve cells stuck in?
What are sister chromatids?
What is the centromere?
What is cytokinesis?
o Cleavage furrow, cell plate
What happens during the each stage of mitosis?
o Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
o Asters, spindle fibers, metaphase plate
What is the result of cell division?
How many chromosomes are found in each cell after cell division?
What are the two cells created after cell division called?
Essay Topics
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Basic chemistry – atom structure
Organic compounds
Cells
Photosynthesis
DNA/RNA
Mitosis
Scientific method
Characteristics of Life
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