Download Chapter 13: Life Cycle: From Childhood through Adulthood

Chapter
17
Life Cycle:
From Childhood
Through Adulthood
Childhood
• Energy and nutrient needs
during childhood
• Energy and protein
• Kcal and grams protein per kg
decrease from infancy
• Vitamins and minerals
• Vitamin and mineral
supplements
• Influences on childhood food
habits and intake
Childhood
• Nutritional concerns during childhood
• Malnutrition and hunger
• Food and behavior
• Childhood overweight
• Nutrition and chronic
disease in childhood
• Lead toxicity
• Vegetarianism in childhood
Adolescence
• Physical growth and development
• Adolescent growth spurt
• Boys: begins between 12–13 years
• Gain about 8 inches in height, 45 pounds in weight
• Girls: begins between 10–11 years
• Gain about 6 inches in height, 35 pounds in weight
• Body composition
• Emotional maturity: developmental tasks
Adolescence
• Nutrient needs of
adolescents
• Energy and protein
• Highest total calories
and protein grams per
day
• Vitamins and minerals
• Influences on
adolescent food intake
Adolescence
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Adolescence
• Nutrition-related concerns of adolescents
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Fitness and sports
Acne
Eating disorders
Adolescent obesity
Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drugs
Staying Young While Growing Older
• Age-related changes
• Weight and body composition
• Add fat, lose lean body mass
• Physical activity
• Reduced muscle and skeletal strength
• Immunity
• Decline in defense mechanism
• Taste and smell
• Decline in ability
• Gastrointestinal changes
• Reduced acid secretion, reduced motility
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Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
• Energy
• Reduced needs
• Decreased activity, decreased lean body mass
• Protein
• Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults
• Carbohydrate
• More likely to be lactose intolerant
• Fat
• Maintain moderate low-fat diet
• Water
• Reduced thirst response
Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
• Vitamins and Minerals
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Vitamin D
B vitamins
Antioxidants
Calcium
Zinc
Iron
• To Supplement or Not to Supplement
Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult
Nutrition-Related Concerns of
Mature Adults
• Drug–drug and drug–nutrient interactions
• Can affect use of drugs or nutrients
• Depression
• May reduce food intake
• Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient use
• Anorexia of aging
• Loss of appetite with illness
• Can lead to protein–energy malnutrition
Nutrition-Related Concerns of
Mature Adults
• Arthritis
• May interfere with food preparation and eating
• Dietary changes may improve symptoms
• Bowel and bladder regulation
• Increased risk of urinary tract infection
• Chronic constipation more common with age
• Need for increased fluids, fiber
• Dental health
• May interfere with eating ability, food choices
Nutrition-Related Concerns of
Mature Adults
• Vision problems
• Can affect ability to shop, cook
• Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration
• Osteoporosis
• Common in elders, especially women
• Maintain calcium, vitamin D, exercise
• Alzheimer’s disease
• Affects ability to function
• Reduced taste, smell
• Risk for weight loss, malnutrition
• Overweight and Obesity
Meal Management for Mature Adults
• Managing independently
• Services for elders
• Meals on Wheels
• Elderly Nutrition Program
• Food Stamp Program
• Wise eating for one or
two
• Finding community
resources
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Dietary Guidance for Healthy
Children Aged 2 to 11 Years
• It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition
and Dietetics that children aged 2 to 11 years
should achieve optimal physical and cognitive
development, attain a healthy weight, enjoy
food, and reduce the risk of chronic disease
through appropriate eating habits and
participation in regular physical activity.
The Dangers of Teenage Smoking
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) estimate that nearly 4 million adolescents
smoke regularly. Each day, about 6,000 young
people try a cigarette, and more than 3,000 become
regular smokers.
• The CDC predicts that of all young people currently
under the age of 18, more than 5 million will die
prematurely of a smoking-related disease. New
research shows that the earlier a person begins to
smoke, the greater the damage.
American Heart Association:
Overweight in Children
• Overweight children are more likely to
be overweight adults. Successfully
preventing or treating overweight in
childhood may reduce the risk of adult
overweight.
• This may help reduce the risk of heart
disease and other diseases.
AHA: Fiber and Children’s Diets
• Children older than 2 years should gradually
adopt the American Heart Association Eating
Plan.
• That means saturated fat intake should be 8–
10 percent of total calories and dietary
cholesterol should be limited to no more than
300 mg daily.
• Children should also get the majority of
calories from complex carbohydrates high in
fiber.
Benefits of Increased Physical Activity
Perception of Taste
• The perception of taste declines with age. To
detect flavors, older people need food with
stronger flavors and odors.
• This loss of taste may contribute to loss of
appetite and poor food intake.
• Age-related changes in the GI tract reduce
nutrient absorption. Decreased motility
contributes to constipation.
Nutrition Across the Spectrum of
Aging
• It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition
and Dietetics that older Americans receive
appropriate care; have broadened access to
coordinated, comprehensive food and nutrition
services; and receive the benefits of ongoing
research to identify the most effective food and
nutrition programs, interventions, and therapies
across the spectrum of aging.
Water and Aging
• Although caloric needs decline with loss of
lean tissue and reduced physical activity,
protein needs do not change for elders.
• A high-carbohydrate, moderate-fat diet is still
recommended.
• Water is important; because of their
diminished thirst response, older people may
not drink enough.