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From Childhood through Adulthood Nutrition BIOL 103, Chapter 13 Today’s Topic • Childhood Nutrition • Adult/Mature Adult Childhood • Childhood vs. Adolescence: – Childhood: – Adolescence: • Category of Childhood: – Toddlers: 1-3 years old – Preschoolers: 4-5 years old – School-aged children: 6-10 years old Energy and Nutrient Needs During Childhood • Energy and Protein – Total energy requirements gradually increases – Kilocalories and grams protein per kg of body weight decreases from infancy • Vitamins and Minerals – Variety of foods needed – Assess iron intake Childhood • Vitamin and Mineral Supplements – Recommended balance of food groups for kids is the same as adults. – Who should receive supplements? Influences on Childhood Food Habits and Intake • Toddler’s food habits are usually temporary • Idea is to promote self-regulation of energy intake. – Caregivers have increased role in the development of child’s health and nutrition habits safe, sanitary, and supportive environment. • Examples: – Kids are responsible for when and how much to eat. Influences on Childhood Food Habits and Intake • External factors 1. Television • Why? 2. Environmental factors: Nutritional Concerns of Childhood 1. Malnutrition and hunger – Food insecurity: people who take in enough calories but have diets of reduced quality that do not met all daily requirements. – Federal assistance programs: • • • • WIC SNAP (formerly the Food Stamp Program) National School Lunch Breakfast and Summer Food Service Program Nutrition Concerns of Childhood 2. Food and behavior – Caffeine in soft drinks and energy drinks make children jittery and interfere with sleep. – Foods associated with hyperactivity • Definition: a maladaptive and abnormal increase in activity that is inconsistent with developmental levels. • Examples: – Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • No solid proof that ADHD is associated with sugar • Food preservatives and colorings may enhance hyperactive behaviors (further research needed) Nutrition Concerns of Childhood (PS#13, Q2) 3. Childhood overweight – ~32% of children age 2-19 years are overweight or obese – Programs designed to treat childhood obesity generally provide behavior modification and exercise counseling, instead of restricting caloric intake or food choices. • Usual strategy: Nutrition Concerns of Childhood 4. Nutrition and chronic disease – Eating with adults _______________________ • Infants/Toddlers need fat in their diet for growth, organ protection, and CNS development • Children 2+ should consume diet lower in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol to reduce risks for chronic diseases. – Q: What are some examples of chronic diseases? – Dietary Guidelines for Americans • AAP recommends screening children with family history of high lipid levels Nutrition Concerns of Childhood 5. Lead toxicity – How? – Can lead to: • Slow growth • Iron-deficiency anemia • Damage to brain and CNS – Low iron, calcium, and zinc intakes increase lead absorption Nutrition Concerns of Childhood • Vegetarianism – Nutrients to emphasize 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Calcium Iron Zinc Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Figure 13.4 Factors that contribute to childhood obesity Childhood obesity is on the rise, and it predisposes children to health problems when they become adults. Adolescence • Adolescence: time between onset of puberty and adulthood – Puberty: period of life during which the secondary sex characteristics develop and the ability to reproduce is attained. • Maturation process includes both physical growth and emotional maturation Adolescence • Physical growth and development – Height: • For girls: begins between 10-11yrs – 6 inches in height, 35 lbs in weight 1. Peak one year before menarche 2. 2-4 inches during the remainder of adolescence • For boys: begins between 12-13 yrs – 8 inches in height, 45 lbs in weight – Thus, an malnourished adolescent may not achieve his/her full potential height when growth period is over. Adolescence • Physical growth and development – Changes in body composition • Boys: increase in lean body mass • Girls: increase in body fat –Changes in emotional maturity • Psychological development affects food choices, eating habits, body images. Nutrient Needs of Adolescents • Energy and protein – Highest total calories and protein grams per day than at any other time of life (exception of pregnancy and lactation) • Vitamins and minerals – Nutrients of concern: Nutrition Needs of Adolescents • Influences on Adolescent Food Intake – Examples? – Environment: School cafeteria and vending machines selling sports drinks, added-sugar beverages, and high fat meals/snacks. Figure 13.7 Factors that influence adolescent food choices Social, cultural, psychological factors, especially peer pressure, strongly influence adolescent food choices. Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents 1. Fitness and Sports – Can provide catalyst for learning about nutrition and improve daily habits 2. Acne – Investigating the connections between diets and acne • Examples: 3. Eating disorders – Becomes preoccupied with weight, appearance, and eating habits. – Not just a “girl’s problem” Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents 4. Obesity – Risk factors: • • Physical: – Developing high blood pressure – Abnormal blood glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes – Breathing problems, joint pain, and heartburn. Psychological: – ______________________________________ Nutrition-Related Concerns for Adolescents (PS13, Q3a) 5. Tobacco, alcohol, recreational drug – Period of experimentation – Alcohol and drug use may take priority over adequate food intake – Teens who use drugs are usually underweight and report poor appetites • • • Marijuana Tobacco Alcohol Staying Young While Growing Older • Age-related changes – Weight and body composition • Add fat; lose lean body mass • Overweight/obese chronic diseases • Underweight cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis – Physical activity • Loss of lean body mass _______________________ ____________________________________________ • Regular physical activities reduces disease risk and improves mental health. Staying Young While Growing Older • Age-related concerns (cont.): – Immunity • Decline in defense mechanisms around 40-50 yrs old – Examples: • Increased risk for urinary tract infections, upper respiratory illness (pneumonia, influenza) – Taste and smell • Decline in sensitivity thus, increases intake foods high in ______________________. • Better to serve foods with stronger flavors and odors over bland food. Staying Young While Growing Older • Age-related concerns (cont.): – Gastrointestinal changes 1. Reduced saliva production 1. Reduced acid secretion (HCl and pepsin) less efficient food digestion and allow the development of atrophic gastritis interfere with B12 absorption 2. Reduced GI motility Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Energy – Reduced calorie needs – Physical activity increases energy requirements while also helping to delay some loss in lean mass. • Protein – Same needs per kg body weight as younger adults Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Carbohydrate – 45-65% of calories in diet (high-carb) – Fiber prevents constipation and diverticulosis, reduce risk for diabetes, promote healthy body weight • Fat – Maintain a moderate low-fat diet • Water – Reduced thirst response dehydration – Fluid recommendations are same as younger adults Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Vitamins of concern – Vitamin D • Needed for bone health, calcium balance if not, osteoporosis • Aging skin and tissues reduced skin synthesis and activation of vitamin D • Higher needs compared to younger adults – B vitamins • Reduced ability to absorb B12 • Folate, B6, B12, may help reduce ______________________ • Should consume _____ fortified foods and supplements Nutrient Needs for Mature Adults • Antioxidants – Found in fruits and vegetables – Important to reduce oxidative stress and degenerative diseases such as cataracts, Alzheimer, and macular degeneration. – May protect against damage to the brain Nutrient Needs of the Mature Adult • Minerals of concern – Calcium: Bone health • Reasons: – Zinc: Immunity and wound healing • Marginal deficiencies likely • Avoid excess supplementation – Iron • Elders may have limited intake Figure 13.16 Micronutrients of particular concern for older people As we age, our energy needs decline, but our vitamin and mineral needs remain stable. This makes nutrient-dense foods especially important for older adults. Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults 1. Drug-drug and drug-nutrient interactions – Can affect use of drugs or nutrients – Herbal supplements, vitamins and minerals supplementation in high doses should be viewed as drugs – Possible interactions should be identified and avoided 2. Depression – Common among institutionalized and low-income seniors – May reduce food intake – Alcoholism can interfere with nutrient usage Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults 3. Anorexia of aging – Loss of appetite with illness – Can lead to __________________ malnutrition 4. Arthritis (pain and swelling in joints) – May interfere with food preparation and eating – Medications may interfere with nutrient absorption – Managing weight and dietary changes may improve symptoms Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults 5. Bowel and bladder regulation – Increased risk of urinary tract infection – Chronic constipation more common with age 6. Dental health – Tooth loss, difficulty swallowing, and mouth pain may interfere with eating ability or food choices Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults 7. Vision Problems – Can affect ability to shop and cook – Antioxidants may reduce macular degeneration 8. Osteoporosis – Common in elders, especially women – Maintain calcium, vitamin D, and exercise Nutrition-Related Concerns of Mature Adults 9. Alzheimer’s disease – accumulation of plaques in certain regions of the brain and degeneration of a certain class of neurons – Affects ability to obtain, prepare, and consume an optimal diet. – Reduced taste and smell – Risk for weight loss and malnutrition Meal Management for Mature Adults • Managing independence • Finding community resources – Service for elders • Meals on Wheels • Elderly Nutrition Program • Food Stamp Program/SNAP