Download II. African Americans in the War

II. War at Sea (Pages 467-468)
 Lincoln ordered a blockade of Southern
ports to prevent the South from exporting its
cotton and importing necessary supplies
such as guns, ammunition, and food. Early,
when the North did not have enough ships,
Many Confederate ships called blockade
runners could sail in and out. In time this
would change!
 A new era in naval warfare article began
when the North's Monitor and the South's
Merrimack, renamed Virginia, exchanged
fire in March 1862.
III. War in the West (Pages 468-469)
 The main goal of the North was to gain control of
the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers in the
west to make it hard for the South to transport
goods. The North had early victories in 1862 under
the command of Ulysses S. Grant.
 Grant captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River
in February 1862.
 Grant also captured Fort Donelson on the
Cumberland River ten days later.
 The control of the lower Tennessee River allowed
Union troops to march into Tennessee, Mississippi,
and Alabama.
 The Union victories also drove the Confederacy
out of Kentucky, a state that the South had hoped
they would be able to persuade to secede.
III. Continued
 Another major battle in the West, the Battle of Shiloh,
saw the Union win a narrow victory.
 The fighting began on April 6 when Confederate forces
led a surprise attack on Union troops. The
Confederacy drove Grant and his troops back to the
Tennessee River.
 The second day the Union forces defeated the
Confederacy with the help of 251,000 troops from
Nashville and shelling from gunboats on the river. The
Confederacy withdrew to Corinth.
 The North won another important victory on April 251
1862 with the capture of New Orleans, Louisiana, under
the command of David Farragut's naval forces. The
capture meant that the Confederacy could no longer
use the Mississippi River to carry its crops to sea.
IV. War in the East (Pages 469-472)
 The war in the East was not as successful for the





Union.
General McClellan did not act promptly on Lincoln's
orders to advance directly to Richmond.
When the Union and Confederate forces finally met in
June, known as the Seven Days' Battle, Confederate
General Robert E. Lee took command. He eventually
drove the Yankees back to the James River
Richmond was never captured, and the Confederates
were only 20 miles away from Washington, D.C.
McClellan's army was pushed back, but it was larger
than Lee's and still close to Richmond.
Stonewall Jackson's troops met Lee's army and were
attacked by Pope's troops on August 29 at Bull Run.
The Second Battle of Bull Run was won by the
Confederacy.
IV. Continued
 Another major battle, the Battle of Antietam occurred
on September 17. Both armies suffered severe losses,
but neither was destroyed. Antietam was the bloodiest
single day of the war
 Lee's army marched into Maryland in September
1862, and McClellan with his 80,000 troops moved
slowly after them. Lee was able to gather his forces
along the Antietam Creek.
 On September 17 the bloodiest day of the war saw
close to 6,000 soldiers dead or dying and another
17,000 seriously wounded.
 The next day Lee withdrew. When McClellan refused
to obey Lincoln's order to pursue Lee, Lincoln
replaced McClellan with General Ambrose Burnside as
commander of the Army of the Potomac (Lottie
Moon—spy)
Notes
Chapter 16, Section 3
 Did You Know?
 The original Emancipation
Proclamation document
was lost in the 1871
Chicago fire. Photographs
of the original document
show it to be written
mostly in Lincoln's own
handwriting. The title and
ending are in the hand of a
clerk, and printed
insertions are from a first
draft. An official version of
the final document is in the
National Archives in
Washington, D.C.
I. Emancipation (Pages 473-476)
 The North's original war goal was to preserve the Union rather than






to destroy slavery As the war went on, many Northerners thought
that slavery was helping the war effort in the South.
Lincoln decided to take action on slavery. On January 1,1863,
Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. It said that "all
persons held as slaves within any state. . . in rebellion against
the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever
free."
There were several effects of the proclamation:
It did not actually free anyone. The Thirteenth Amendment,
ratified by Congress in 1865, truly freed enslaved Americans.
Lincoln hoped that word of the proclamation would change the
character of the war and from one about politics to one of
ending slavery. He also hoped it would encourage enslaved
people to run away. Before the Emancipation Proclamation, about
100,000 African Americans left for the safety of the Union.
Northern African Americans were pleased by the decree.
Because Britain and France opposed slavery, they decided to
withhold recognition of the Confederation.
II. African Americans in the War
(Pages 476-477)
 African Americans helped the war effort in the North





and South.
In 1862 African Americans were allowed to serve in
the Union army.
African
American regiments were separate from the
On April 12, 1864, General Forrest led his forces in the attack and capture of
rest
theonUnion
army.River
Most
command
officers
were
Fortof
Pillow
the Mississippi
in Henning,
Tennessee.
Many Africanwhite.
After
protest
about
unequal
pay,
African
American
Union
troops were
killed in
the battle. A
controversy
arose about
American
andconducted
white or
soldiers
same
paywho
in
whether Forrest
condoned received
a massacre of the
African
Americans
had surrendered there.
1864.
Forrest's
insisted that the Federals,
fleeing,
kept their weapons
The
54thmen
Massachusetts
led although
by white
abolitionists
and frequently
turned
to shoot,famous
forcing the Confederates
to keep firing in self
was
one
of
the
most
African
American
[23] Confederates said the Union flag was still flying over the fort,
defense.
regiments. Fort Pillow
which indicated that the force had not formally surrendered. A contemporary
African
Americans
did notTennessee,
serve stated
in the
newspaper
account from Jackson,
thatConfederate
"General Forrest
military
at first
because
white
Southerners
were
afraid
begged them
to surrender,"
but "not
the first
sign of surrender
was ever
Similar
accounts were reported in many Southern newspapers at the
ofgiven."
a slave
rebellion.
time.[24]
People had different attitudes toward African
Americans as soldiers
Notes
Chapter 16, Section 4
 Did You Know?
 Seventeen-year-old
Belle Boyd became a
Confederate spy after
Union soldiers invaded
her Virginia home. She
was so angered by the
incident that she
wanted to work against
the Union. Boyd
(photo) was arrested
several times, but
avoided long jail time
when she was
pardoned by President
Lincoln.
I. The Lives of Soldiers (Pages 478-479)
 The enthusiasm of the
volunteers who rushed
to sign up at the
beginning of the war did
not last.
 The realities of the war
left both sides with
terrible losses. (images of Civil
War dead)
Mathew Brady
II.
Women and the War
(pgs. 479-481)
 During the war, women took on new responsibilities, such as






becoming teachers, government workers, and office or factory
workers
Women who stayed home in the North did not suffer the
disruption in their daily lives that the women in the South did.
Some women were spies and disguised themselves as men
to become soldiers.
Harriet Tubman spied for the North.
Rose O'Neal Greenhow (photo) spied for the South, was
caught, convicted of treason, (article) and exiled.
Bell Boyd was an informant for the South.
Thousands of women were nurses, although some men
disapproved of women doing men's work or tending to
strangers. Women such as Dorothea Dix, Clara Barton, (later
founder of the American Red Cross) and Sally Tompkins (bio)
became well-known for their work as military nurses.
III. Opposition to the War
(Pages 480-482)
 Some politicians and citizens opposed the war because they
objected to the wartime policies and how the war affected their
lives. Peace Democrats warned of the social consequences
and Republican papers begin to refer to them as
Copperheads
 The number of volunteers declined in the North and the South
as the war continued. Lincoln suspends the right of Habeas
Corpus to help the war effort and silence those
discouraging men from enlisting.
 In order to have enough men to serve, the Confederate
Congress passed a draft law in April 1862. It required men
between 18 and 35 to serve for three years. To avoid the draft
a person could hire a substitute. “rich man’s war, poor man’s
fight.”
 Union states offered bounties, or payments, to encourage
volunteers. When this failed, the Union organized a draft in
March 1863. Men 20 to 40 had to register. From this pool of
names, the army selected the soldiers it needed. To avoid
the draft, a person could hire a substitute or pay $300 to the
government. Protests because of the draft laws erupted in the
North and South.
IV. War and the Economy
(Pages 482-483)
 Both sides financed the war by borrowing




money, increasing taxes, and printing paper
money. The North borrowed more than $2 billion,
and the South raised more than $700 million by
issuing war bonds that paid a high interest.
The Union passed an income tax in 1861, and the
Confederacy also imposed an income tax when
the states did not provide enough money.
Paper money issued in the North was called
greenbacks. The South printed much more than
the North, hoping it would help pay for the cost
of the war.
Even with inflation, the Northern economy
boomed.
The Southern economy suffered.
Now that you’ve read The Killer Angels you can read a companion volume
written more from the Southern perspective using Stonewall Jackson as the eyes
of the narrator. Jeff Shaara is the son of the author of Killer Angels
I. Southern Victories (Pages 485-486)
 Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia seemed
too strong to beat in 1862 and 1863. They easily
won the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13,
1862, in Virginia against General Ambrose
Burnside. Because of his failure, Burnside
resigned. General Joseph Hooker replaced him.
 Hooker rebuilt the army, but Lee attacked his
"Order A.P. Hill to prepare for action! Pass the
troops first and won another victory at
infantry
to the frontVirginia,
rapidly!near
TellFredericksburg
Major
Chancellorsville,
in
Hawks"—,…
"Let us cross over
the river, and
May 1863. Unfortunately,
Stonewall
[33] As a result
restJackson
under thewas
shade
of
the
trees."
mistakenly killed by his
Jackson was not with Lee at Gettysburg on July 1-3 1863
own men at Chancellorsville.
The Battle of Brandy Station, also called the Battle of Fleetwood Hill, was the largest predominantly cavalry
engagement of the American Civil War, as well as the largest to take place ever on American soil.
The Southern press was generally negative about the outcome.
The Richmond Enquirer wrote that "Gen. Stuart has suffered no little in public estimation by the late
enterprises of the enemy." The Richmond Examiner described Stuart's command as "puffed up cavalry," that
J.E.B. Stuart
General
Alfred
Pleasonton,of negligence and bad management." Stuart goes north and leaves Lee
suffered the
"consequences
blind for a
period of time.
 With his regiment Chamberlain took part in the battles of Antietam,
Shepherdstown Ford, Fredericksburg (wounded), and
Chancellorsville. At the battle of Gettysburg the regiment, now
commanded by Chamberlain, held the extreme left flank on Little
Round Top, a service for which he was later awarded the
Congressional Medal of Honor. He also received a second wound. In
November 1863 he was relieved from field service and sent to
Washington suffering from malaria. He was given lighter duties.
Resuming command of the regiment in May 1864, he led it in the
battle of Cold Harbor. Assigned to brigade command in June, only to
fall wounded 12 days later in the assault on Petersburg, he was
promoted to brigadier general on the spot by General Grant, then
carried to the rear, where a surgeon declared that he would certainly
die from the wound. (The doctor was right. Fifty years later
Chamberlain succumbed to its effects at the age of 90.) Rejoining the
army in November, he was forced by his wound to return to Maine,
but he came back again during the Petersburg siege during which he
was wounded for the fourth time.
He then took part in the Appomattox Campaign, about which he
wrote The Passing of the Armies. He was given the honor of
commanding the troops that formally accepted the surrender of the
Confederate army. He later served as governor of Maine and president
of Bowdoin.
Chamberlain's Medal of Hon
1893
http://www.gdg.org/Research/People/Cross/blodfire.html
Joshua Chamberlain as
Professor, prior to Civil War
Undated portrait of Fanny Chamberlain,
wife of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain
portrait of Joshua Chamberlain in full
uniform
Thomas D. Chamberlain died at age 55
of Alcoholism, lung and heart desease
in Bangor, Maine
Chamberlain as President, Undated photo of Chamberlain
Bowdoin College, ca. 1875 late in life
Buster Kilrain is not a real person!
However, George Buck was! Kilrain is a composite
character based mostly on Pvt. George Buck and Sgt. Andrew Tozier
Buster Kilrain is based upon two very real soldier in the 20th Maine–
He is most likely a combination of George Buck and also Twenty-fiveyear-old Color Sgt. Andrew J. Tozier who is shown in the movie Tozier also
received the Medal of Honor (dies 1910). Buck had been a sergeant, but he
had been demoted when he was ordered to perform a task by the
quartermaster, but was too sick to do it. He apparently struck the
officer and Chamberlain had to demote him. He was shot in the upper
chest, and during the fighting, Chamberlain came to him and did his
best to comfort the dying soldier. Buck asked Chamberlain to tell his
mother that he had not died a coward, and that is when Chamberlain
said that "you die a sergeant; I promote you for faithful
service and noble courage on the field of Gettysburg!" He
was carried to the rear where he later died on the Fourth of July.
George Meade
Henry T. Harrison Spy
Robert E. Lee
John Buford
Andrew Tozier
Henry "Harry" Heth
Just looking for shoes?
Sgt. 'Buster' Kilrain/
George Buck/ Tozier
J.E.B. Stuart
John Reynolds
Joshua Lawrence
Chamberlain
Tom Chamberlain
James Longstreet
Col.Stephen Weed who
Went to reinforce Vincent
Killed
Col. Strong Vincent
Killed
General Lewis A.
Armistead
Col. Chamberlain
General
Winfield Scott Hancock
General
Dan Sickles
Lt. Gen. John Bell Hood
Little Round Top, western slope
“As for myself, so far I had escaped. How close an escape I had I did not know till afterwards.
I think I may mention here, as a psychological
incident, that some years after the war, I
GETTYSBURG
received a letter written in a homely but manly style by one subscribing himself "a member of
July 1-3, 1863
the Fifteenth Alabama," in these words:
“In great deeds something abides. On great fields
Dearsomething
Sir: I want tostays.
tell you of
a little passage
the battle
of Round
Top,
Gettysburg,
Forms
changein and
pass;
bodies
disappear;
concerning you and me, which I am now glad of. Twice in that fight I had your life in my
but
spirits
tobetween
consecrate
vision-place
hands.
I got alinger,
safe place
two big ground
rocks, andfor
drewthe
bead
fair and squareof
onsouls.
you. You
were reverent
standing in men
the open
behind
the center
of your
fullgenerations
exposed. I knewthat
your know
rank by
And
and
women
from
afar,line,
and
your uniform
your
actions,
and I thought
it aheart-drawn
mighty good thing
put where
you out of the way.
us no tand
and
that
we know
not of,
totosee
I rested my gun on the rock and took steady aim. I started to pull the trigger, but some queer
and by
great
things
were
suffered
and
donethe
forsame motions
notion stopped
me.whom
Then I got
ashamed
of my
weakness
and went
through
again. I had
you,shall
perfectly
certain.
same queer
something
shut right
down on me. I
them,
come
to But
thisthat
deathless
field,
to ponder
and
couldn't
pull the
trigger,
gave it up,and
that is,
your
life. I am
it now,pass
and hope you
wrap
them
in and
its bosom,
the
power
of glad
the of
vision
are.
into their souls. This is the great rewardLittle
of service.
Round Top today
Yours truly.
To live, far out and on, in the life of others; this is the mystery
I thought he was that, and answered him accordingly, asking him to come up North and see
of the Christ,-to give life’s best for such high sake that
whether I was worth what he missed. But my answer never found him, nor could I afterwards.
It shall
be found again unto life Aeternal.”
“
15 Alabama begins fight with 500 men
wider view of Vincent's Spur, the ground
th
and ends with 227—over 45% of troops
killed. The 20th Maine begins the fight with
386 men and ends with 190 remaining.
49% killed. Col. Oates disputes
Chamberlain’s
account
the rest
Through Blood and Fire
at Gettysburg
JoshuaforLawerence
of his life
that Colonel Joshua Chamberlain was
ordered to hold at all costs by his brigade
commander Colonel Strong Vincent. The
20th Maine monument, marking the spot
near where the regimental colors stood,
Chamberlain
can be seen to the far right in the photo.
Civil War Socket Bayonet
Steel blade measures 17" long.
Webb's and Pickett's veterans shake
at witnessed
the stone wall, July
4, 1887
generalhands
who
the
spectacle
(24 years after battle)
As a French
of the
Charge of the Light Brigade in the Crimean War (185456) said, "C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la
guerre." (It is magnificent, but it's not war.). The
same could be said of Pickett’s doomed charge.
"General, I have no division..."
General Lewis A.
-Major General George Edward Pickett to General Lee at Gettysburg
Armistead
July 3, 1863
John Singleton Mosby later claimed that Pickett blamed Lee for the disaster
:
"That old man destroyed my
division." J. Johnston Pettigrew
General
years after the battle (1913), the veterans of Pickett's Division
Winfield Fifty
Scott
Hancock
Association and the Philadelphia Brigade Association shake
hands in comradeship over the stone wall at the Angle.
lexander Stewart Webb d.1911
James Kemper. The movie leads you to believe Kemper dies. However,
he does not die. He is however, recaptured by the Federals as he is left
behind for them to treat as his wounds are too serious for Lee’s surgeons to
deal with.
Maj. Gen.
Richard B. Garnett
Gen. Isaac R. Trimble George E. Pickett
II.
The Tide of War Turns
(Pages 486-488)
 Lee decided to invade the North, hoping to win aid for the





Confederacy from Britain and France.
Union General George Meade replaced General Hooker
to find and fight Lee's troops and protect Washington, D.C.,
and Baltimore from attack.
The armies fought the three-day Battle of Gettysburg in
July 1863 when Union cavalry surprised Rebel infantry
raiding Gettysburg (looking for shoes?).
Another Northern victory occurred at the Battle of
Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Union gained control of the
Mississippi River, a war goal, and isolated the western
Confederacy. This, and the Battle of Gettysburg, were
turning points in the war.
On November 19, 1863, Lincoln gave his famous
Gettysburg Address at a ceremony dedicating a cemetery
at Gettysburg. The speech helped Americans look ahead
and focus on building America.
http://www.gdg.org/Research/People/Cross/blodfire.html
Notes
Chapter 16, Section 5
 Did You Know?
 Abraham Lincoln's
speech, the Gettysburg
Address, is one of the
most famous and
admired speeches ever.
However, the tensentence speech given
at a cemetery
dedication went
unnoticed by most
people at the time. The
organizers of the
dedication did not
expect President
Lincoln to attend, but
Lincoln insisted on
attending and speaking
at the dedication.
The only confirmed photo of Abraham
Lincoln at Gettysburg (seated), taken
about noon, just after Lincoln arrived and
some three hours before he spoke. To
Lincoln's right is his bodyguard, Ward Hill
Lamon.
Extra Credit Reading
III. Final Phases of the War
(Pages 488-490)
 New Union leadership (Grant-March 10, 1864) brought new plans
to attack the Confederacy. After the Northern victory at
Chattanooga, Tennessee, led by Generals Grant and Sherman,
Lincoln named Grant commander of all the Union
armies.(March 10, 1864) The plan was to have the Army of the
Potomac crush Lee's army in Virginia. The western army under
Sherman would advance to Atlanta and then “march to the
sea” and capture Savannah Ga. and crush the Confederates in
the Deep South.
 Grant's and Lee's armies met in three battles near Richmond:
the Battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Courthouse, and
Cold Harbor. The Confederacy held firm each time Grant
resumed the attack. Another attack at Petersburg turned into a
nine month siege. Grant hoped that Richmond would fall,
thereby cutting it off from the rest of the Confederacy.
 The North grew tired of the war. Democrats wanted to make
peace with the South, but Lincoln wanted to restore the Union.
 The end of the war was in sight, and Lincoln won reelection
easily. In September 1864 Sherman captured Atlanta, and
the Confederates were driven out of Shenandoah Valley in
Virginia.
IV. Victory for the North
(Pages 490-497)
 Lincoln talked about the end of the war and the
hope for peace in his Second Inaugural
Address in 1865.
 On April 2, 1865, Lee withdrew his troops. Rebel
One Final Note About the Surrender
troops, civilians, and government officials fled,
. Lee and Grant were elsewhere by then;
setting
fire toChamberlain
the city offaced
Richmond as they left.
Joshua
Lawrence
General
John B.
Gordon
at his
the troops surrendered
Confederate
On
April
9,
1865,
Lee
and
head of the Army of Northern
to Grant
at Appomattox
Court
House, a small
Virginia.
Chamberlain
ordered his men
to
salute
their defeated
and only for their arms,
Virginia
village.countrymen,
Grant asked
Gordon would forever remember that
letting them
keep
their
horses
and giving them
Chamberlain
saw to
it that
the Army
of
three
days'
supply
food.
the
Potomac
"gave
[them] of
a soldierly
salute... a token of respect from
Americans
Confederate
forces
North Carolina
to Americans...
[inin
a gesture
of]
mutual salutation
farewell...
surrendered
to and
General
Sherman several days
honor answering honor." Bruce Catton
later. Jefferson Davis, the president of the
noted that not everyone approved of the
Confederacy,
was captured
on May 10 in
gesture
at the time: Chamberlain
"scandalized
fire-eating
patriots
butwar
gratified
future
Georgia.
The
was
over.
generations" by ordering the salute.
Union Prison Camp
at Andersonville, GA
Original Andersonville Plan
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had over 32,000 at one time.
Distributing “Rations”
Union “Survivors”
12,913 of the approximately 45,000 Union
prisoners died there because of starvation,
malnutrition, diarrhea, disease and other
illnesses.
Major Wirz was found guilty on 6th November and sentenced
to death. He was taken to Washington to be executed in the
same yard where those involved in the assassination of
Abraham Lincoln had died. Alexander Gardner, the famous
photographer, was invited to record the event.
The execution took place on the 10th November. The gallows
were surrounded by Union Army soldiers who throughout
the procedure chanted "Wirz, remember, Andersonville."
Accompanied by a Catholic priest, Wirz refused to make a
last minute confession, claiming he was not guilty of
committing any crime.
Major Russell read the death warrant and then told Henry
Wirz he "deplored this duty."Wirz replied that: "I know what
orders are, Major. And I am being hanged for obeying them."
After a black hood was placed over his head, and the noose
adjusted, a spring was touched and the trap door opened.
However, the drop failed to break his neck and it took him
two minutes to die. During this time the soldiers continued to
chant: "Wirz, remember, Andersonville."
Burying Dead Union POWs
Confederate Prison Camp
at Point Lookout, MD
 Planned to hold 10,000 men.
 Had almost 50,000 at one time.
Point Lookout Memorial
of 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners
IV. Continued
 The
Civil War was the most devastating in
American history. More than 600,000soldiers
died. It caused billions of dollars worth of
damage, mostly in the South.
 The approximately 10,455 military engagements,
some devastating to human life and some nearly
bloodless, plus naval clashes, accidents,
suicides, sicknesses, murders, and
executions resulted in total casualties of
1,094,453 during the Civil War. The Federals lost
110,100 killed in action and mortally wounded,
and another 224,580 to disease. The
Confederates lost approximately 94,000 as a
result of battle and another 164,000 to disease.
 Even if one survived a wound, any projectile that hit bone
in either an arm or a leg almost invariably necessitated
amputation. The best estimate of Federal army
personnel wounded is 275,175; naval personnel
wounded, 2,226. Surviving Confederate records
indicate 194,026 wounded.

In dollars and cents, the U.S. government
estimated Jan. 1863 that the war was costing $2.5
million daily. A final official estimate in 1879 totaled
$6,190,000,000. The Confederacy spent perhaps
$2,099,808,707. By 1906 another $3.3 billion already
had been spent by the U.S. government on
Northerners' pensions and other veterans' benefits for
former Federal soldiers.
 Southern states and private philanthropy provided
benefits to the Confederate veterans. The amount
spent on benefits eventually well exceeded the war's
original cost.
 Inflation affected both Northern and Southern assets
but hit those of the Confederacy harder. Northern
currency fluctuated in value, and at its lowest point
$2.59 in Federal paper money equaled $1 in gold. The
Confederate currency so declined in purchasing
power that eventually $60-$70 equaled a gold dollar.

The physical devastation, almost all of it in the South,
was enormous: burned or plundered homes, pillaged
countryside, untold losses in crops and farm animals,
ruined buildings and bridges, devastated college
campuses, and neglected roads all left the South in
ruins.
 Bitter feelings between Southerners and Northerners
lasted for generations.
 The federal government was strengthened and
became more powerful than the states.
 The war freed millions of African Americans.
Pick one of the following to answer.
 1. What were the border states,
and why were they so important
to the Union?
 2. What made President Lincoln
decide to emancipate African
Americans?
 3. What were three strengths of
the North and Three strengths of
the South?