Download Chapter 3 Objectives

By:
Laura M. Rodriguez
Introduction:
A. It is human nature to ask why and try to figure out things, after all, that’s one of the
things that sets us apart from other species. Because of this, every human being is a
scientist. To me, a typical scientist is someone who is always asking why and follows
certain steps to attempt to find out the answer. I believe that I am a scientist because I
have asked myself why on many occasions and attempted to answer my own
questions.
B. My personal career goal is to be a pediatric neurosurgeon. I would like to become a
pediatric neurosurgeon because of the fact that I like kids and the human brain
intrigues me. I also enjoy helping people. I hate to see suffering, especially in
children. Through this career, I would be able to ease their pain. Also, being a
pediatric neurosurgeon enables me to affect children’s lives and to make an impact on
them. This career makes a descent amount of money and I like it. What more could I
ask for?
C. Education is a lifetime of hard work. It does not end after you graduate high school, or
college. It is ongoing until the day you die. Education requires dedication, devotion
and motivation. It is up to the person whether or not they want to learn. To me,
education does not equate in going to school or learning from a book. It is a process
of exploration and discovery that a person takes along the journey of life.
D. There are many things that keep me motivated in life. My family is one of my biggest
motivations. They love and support me. Just the thought of letting them down
motivates me to do better, not only for them, but for myself. Something else that
motivates me in life is my fear of failure. I hate to fail! Because of this, it serves as
motivation not to fail and to keep going as far as I can. The future serves as
motivation as well. When I picture myself being a pediatric neurosurgeon helping
children, it motivates me to study and work as hard as I can.
Chapter 1 Objectives
1) Briefly describe unifying themes that pervade the science of biology.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Science as a process
Evolution
Energy Transfer
Continuity and Change
Relationship of Structure to Function
Regulation
Interdependence in Nature
Science, Technology and Society
2) Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology.
A. The living world is a hierarchy, with each level of biological structure building on the
level below it. Each level of biological structure has emergent properties. Cells are an organism’s
basic units of structure and function. The continuity of life is based on heritable information in the
form of DNA
Figure 0105
3) Explain how the properties of life emerge from complex organization.
With each step upward in the hierarchy of biological order, novel properties emerge that were not
present at the simpler levels of organization. These emergent properties result from interactions
between components. A molecule such as a protein has attributes not exhibited by any of its
component atoms, and a cell is certainly much more than a bag of molecules. if the intricate
organization of the human brain is disrupted by a head injury, that organ will cease to function
properly, even though all its parts may still be resent. And an organism is a living whole greater
than the sum of its parts.
4) Describe seven emergent properties associated with life.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Order
Reproduction
Growth and development
Energy utilization
Response to the environment
Homeostasis
Evolutionary adaptation
5) Explain how technological breakthroughs contributed to the formulation of the cell
theory and our current knowledge of the cell.
Over the past 40 years, a powerful instrument called the electron microscope has
revealed the complex structure of cells. A membrane that regulates the passage
of materials between the cell and its surroundings encloses all cells. Every cell, at
some stage in its life, contains DNA, the heritable material that directs the cell’s
many activities. All organisms are composed of cells. They occur singly as a
great variety of unicellular organisms, and they occur as the subunits of organs
and tissues in plants, animals, and other multicellular organisms. In either case,
the cell is an organism’s basic unit of structure and function.
6) Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Two major kinds of cells-prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells- can be based on
structural organization. The cells of the microorganisms known as bacteria are
prokaryotic. All other forms of life are composed of eukaryotic cells. The
eukaryotic cell, by far the most complex, is subdivided by internal membranes into
many different functional compartments, or organelles. In eukaryoitic cells, the
DNA is organized along with the proteins into structures called chromosomes
contained within a nucleus, the largest organelle of most cells. Surrounding the
nucleus is the cytoplasm, a thick liquid in which are suspended the various
organelles that perform most of the cell’s function. Some eukaryotic cells,
including those of plants have tough walls external to their membranes. Animal
cells lack walls. In the much simpler prokaryotic cell, the DNA is not separated
from the rest of the cell into a nucleus. Prokaryotic cells also lack the cytoplasmic
organelles typical of the eukaryotic cells. Almost all prokaryotic cells have tough
external
walls.
Please
refer
to
the
following
website.
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter1/me
dialib/0104.jpg
7) Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "form fits function."
A bird’s build makes fight possible. The correlation between structure and function
can apply to the shape of an entire organism. In other words, the form, shape, or
structure of the organism, relates to it’s function, or purpose.
8) List the five kingdoms
Kingdom Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia. Please refer to the following
website.
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter1/me
dialib/0110.jpg
9) Outline the scientific method
General question, hypothesis, experimental design, collecting data, analyzing
data, interpretation, write up.
10) Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning
The deductive in hypothetico-deducive thinking refers to how deductive reasoning
is used to test the hypothesis. Deduction contrasts with induction. Induction is
reasoning from a set of specific observations to form a general conclusion. In
deduction, the reasoning flows in the reverse direction, from the general to the
specific.
11) Explain how science and technology are interdependent
Technology, especially in the form of new instruments, extends our ability to
observe and measure and enables scientists to work on questions that were
previously unapproachable. In turn, technological inventions often apply the
discoveries of science. For example, the inventors of the electron microscope
borrowed electromagnetic theory from physics.
Chapter 2 Objectives
1) Define element and compound.
ELEMENTS: CANNOT BE DOWN TO OTHER SUBSTANCES. COMPOUND: CONTAINS TWO OR
MORE
ELEMENTS.
Please
refer
to
the
following
website.
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter2/medialib/0201
.jpg
2) State four elements essential to life that make up 96% of living matter.
CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN, AND NITROGEN = 96%
3) Describe the structure of an atom.
Atomic structure determines the behavior of an element. ATOM: SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT
NUCLEUS: CONTAINS PROTONS (+) & NEUTRONS (0). OUTER SHELLS: CONTAINS ELECTRONS (-). THE # OF
ELECTRONS IN AN ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL ATOM EQUALS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS. ISOTOPES: One of
several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass. Please refer
to
the
following
website.
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter2/medialib/0205.jpg
4) Define and distinguish among atomic number, mass number, atomic weight, and valence.
I already know this from Chemistry.
5) Given the atomic number and mass number of an atom, determine the number of
neutrons.
I already know this from Chemistry.
6) Explain the octet rule and predict how many bonds an atom might form.
I already know this from Chemistry
7) Define electronegativity and explain how it influences the formation of chemical bonds.
Electronegativity is the force that an atom exerts in a bond. It influences the formation of
chemical bonds by affecting the type of bond that it becomes. If all the atoms involved have the
same electronegativity or it balances out, then they share nonpolarly. If they have very different
electronegativity, then the bond will be polar.
8) Distinguish among nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic bonds.
IONIC BOND: ATTRACTION B/W TOW IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE
Nonpolar Covalent: two atoms pulling the same strength
Polar Covalent: two atoms pulling differently.
9) Describe the formation of a hydrogen bond and explain how it differs from a covalent or
ionic bond.
HYDROGEN BONDS ARE RELATIVELY WEAK INTERACTIONS B/W A
PARTIAL (+) HYDROGEN ATOM & PARTIAL (-) ATOM OF ANOTHER POLAR MOLECULE.
Please refer to the following website:
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter2/medialib/0214.jpg
Themes in Relation to the Chapter:
1) 1. Relationship of structure to function: The structure of the atom applies to its function.
2. Interdependence in nature: We need DNA and DNA needs atoms.
3. Science, Technology and society: The chapter proved how they are all intertwined.
4. Science as a Process: It is a process used to find attempt to find out the answer to many
of the scientist’s questions.
5. Energy transfer: Two atoms can transfer energy to each other by giving or taking
electrons.
Chapter 3 Objectives
-Describe how water contributes to the fitness of the environment to support life.
All organisms familiar to us are made mostly of water and live in a world where water
dominates climate and many other features of the environment. Here on Earth, water is
the biological medium-the substance that makes possible life as we know it. Life began in
water and evolved therefore three billion years before spreading onto land. modern life,
even terrestial life remains tied to water. Most cells are surrounded by water, and cells
contain from about 70% to 95% water. The abundance of water is a major reason Earth is
habitable.
-Describe the structure and geometry of a water molecule, and explain what properties
emerge as a result of this structure.
Oxygen has four valance orbitals pointing to corners of tetrahedron. Two corners contain
pairs of unshared electrons and have weak negative charge. Oxygen is more
electronegative than hydrogen. Shared electron spend more time with oxygen. The result
is weak positive charge near hydrogen.
Figure 0301
-Explain the relationship between the polar nature of water and its ability to form hydrogen
bonds. List five characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from
hydrogen bonding.
Each water molecule can form four hydrogen bonds. The positive charge of hydrogen is
attracted to the negative charge of oxygen in another water molecule.
Figure 0305
-Describe the biological significance of the cohesiveness of water.
Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding contributes to the transport of water against gravity in
plants. Water reaches leaves through microscopic vessels that extend upward from the
roots. Water that evaporates from a leaf is replaced by water from the vessels in the leaf.
- Distinguish between heat and temperature.
Heat: measure of the total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of
matter.
Temperature: measures the intensity of heat due to the average kinetic energy of the
molecules.
-Explain how water's high specific heat, high heat of vaporization and expansion upon
freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Water can absorb large amounts of heat without large changes in temperature. Large bodies of
water help moderate temperature on earth. During daytime/summer; large amounts of solar energy
hit earth, body of water is able to absorb large amounts of heat, without large changes in
temperature. During night/winter; smaller amounts of solar energy hit earth and gradual cooling of
large body of water warms air. Because of this, coastal areas have generally milder climate than
inland, ocean temperatures are quite stable and since water covers most of the Earth, temperature
fluctuations are within limits that permit life.
-Explain how the polarity of the water molecule makes it a versatile solvent.
Water is a versatile solvent. This means that it is a solution. It is a liquid that is a Liquid that is a
homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Example – sugar water
Solvent dissolving
agent. Example – water. Solute Aqueous solution. Water is a very versatile solvent. Why? 
Water polar molecule What kinds of substances dissolve in water. Ionic compounds. Charged
regions of polar water molecule electrically attracted to charged ion. Water surrounds individual
ions, separating and shielding them from each other. Polar compounds -- Charged region of
polar water molecules have affinity for oppositely charged regions of other polar molecules.
Molecules with affinity for water Hydrophilic substances
Water is the best solvent that we know of because its polarity attracts to its charged polar
substances. However, polar does not dissolve nonpolar, so water only dissolves polar substances.
(there is no attraction!)
- Write the equation for the dissociation of water, and explain what is actually transferred
from one molecule to another.
H2O+H2OH3O+OH-; H3O+. IS HYDRONIUM ION. OH- IS HYDROXIDE ION. H2O H+OH-.
Occasionally hydrogen atoms shared between 2 water molecules in hydrogen bond shift position.
Because of this, one water molecule with extra hydrogen (H3O). One water molecule minus
hydrogen (OH-). This reaction is reversible. Most of water is not ionized.
-Explain the basis for the pH scale.
The pH scale compresses the range of H= and OH- concentrations by employing a common
mathematical device; logarithms. The pH declines as the H+ concentration increases. Notince,
too, that although the pH scale is based on H+ concentration, it also implies OH- concentration.
-Explain how acids and bases directly or indirectly affect the hydrogen ion concentration of
a solution.
A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is called a base. They are
usually <7 on the pH scale. An acid, according to the definition that most biologists use, is a
substance that increases the H= concentration of a solution.
Themes in Relation to the Chapter:
1) Science as a process. The process that water undergoes during hydrogen bonding.
2) Energy Transfer. Electrons are shared; polarly or nonpolarly. When shared polarly, it is a
type of energy transfer.
3) Relationship of structure to function. The shape of the water molecule fits its function as a
versatile solvent.
4) Interdependence in nature. All living organisms depend on the properties of water.
5) Evolution. Water contributes to the fitness of the environment; without it, living things
would not be able to adapt.
Chapter 4 Objectives
- Explain how carbon’s electron configuration determines the kinds and number of bonds
carbon will form.
A covalent bonding capacity of four makes it have the ability to form diverse molecules. Carbon
atoms can bond with other carbon atoms, forming the carbon skeleton of organic compounds.
Figure 0402 Figure 0403
-Describe how carbon skeletons may vary, and explain how this variation contributes to the
diversity and complexity of organic molecules.
Carbon chains form the skeletons of organic molecules. The skeletons vary in length and may be
straight, branched, or arranged in closed rings. Some carbon skeletons have double bonds, which
vary in number and location. Such variation in carbon skeletons is one important source of
molecular complexity and diversity that characterize living matter. These include the hydrocarbons
and the isomers. Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.
Variation in the architecture of organic molecules can be seen in isomers, compounds that have
the same molecular formula but different structures and hence different properties. Structural
isomers: variation in covalent arrangements. Geometric isomers: variation in arrangement about a
double bond. Enantiomers: variation in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon,
resulting in molecules that are mirror images, like left and right hands.
Figure 0404 Figure 0406
-Recognize the major functional groups, and describe the chemical properties of organic
molecules in which they occur.
Hydroxyl group: a hydrogen atom is bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the
carbon skeleton of the molecule. They include the alcohols.
Carbonyl group: consists of a carbon atom joined to an oxygen atom by a double bond. If the
carbonyl group is on the end of a carbon skeleton, the organic compound is called aldehyde;
otherwise the compound is called ketone (for this one, there must be at least three carbons).
Carboxyl group: is found in carboxylic acids. The hydrogen of this group can dissociate to some
extent, making the molecule a weak acid.
Amino group: can accept an H+, thereby acting as a base.
Themes in relation to the chapter:
1) Structure and function: The structure of the carbon molecules are structured according to
their function.
2) Energy transferring: energy is transferred from molecule to molecule, and more
specifically, from atom to atom.
3) Interdependence in nature: all living things depend on these organic molecules to live.
4) Continuity and change: the continuity of life depends on the production of organic
molecules.
5) Science, technology and society: the classification of these functional groups helps society
and technology.
Chapter 5 Objectives
-List the four major classes of biomolecules.
The four major classes of molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
-Describe how covalent linkages are formed and broken in organic polymers.
Linkages are formed by condensation reactions between monomers, this is when one onomer
donates a hydroxyl group and the other a hydrogen atom which forms a water molecule. Linkages
are broken by the reverse process of condensation, called hydrolosis.
Figure 0502
-Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates, and explain how they are
classified.
Carbohydrates include sugars and their polymers, organisms use carbohydrates as fuel and
building material.
-List four characteristics of a sugar.
Depending on the location of the carbonyl group, a sugar is either an aldose or a ketose. Another
criterion for classifying sugars is the size of the carbon skeleton, which ranges from three to seven
carbons long. Still another source of diversity for simple sugars is in the spatial arrangement of
their parts around asymmetric carbons. In aqueous solutions, most sugars form rings.
Figure 0503
-Identify a glycosidic linkage and describe how it is formed.
A disaccharide consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond
between two monosaccharides.
Figure 0504 Figure 0505
-Describe the important biological functions of polysaccharides.
Some polysaccharides are storage material, hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells.
Others serve as building material for structures protecting the cell or the whole organism.
-Distinguish between the glycosidic linkages found in starch and cellulose, and explain why
the difference is biologically important.
This difference in linkages is based on two possible ring structures for glucose. When the carbon
chain of glucose forms a ring, the hydroxyl group attached to the number 1 carbon at the site
where the ring closes is locked into one of the two alternative positions: lying either below or above
the plane of the ring. These two ring forms are called alpha and beta. Starch has the alpha
configuration while cellulose has beta. These different shapes lead to different biological
properties.
Figure 0506 Figure 0507
-Explain what distinguishes lipids from other major classes of macromolecules.
Lipids have little or no affinity for water.
Describe the unique properties, building block molecules and biological importance of the
three important groups of lipids: fats, phospholipids and steroids.
Fats: large molecules that are not polymers. Built from glycerol and fatty acids. Major function as
energy storage. Phospholipids: are structurally related to fats, but have only two fatty acids and third
hydroxyl group is joined to a phosphate. At the surface phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer.
Major components of cell membranes because they can provide protection. Steroids: have a carbon
skeleton consisting of four interconnected rings. Cholesterol is the molecule from which other
steroids are synthesized.
Figure 0510 Figure 0511 Figure 0512
-Identify an ester linkage and describe how it is formed.
This is a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carbonyl group. It’s formed when three fatty acids
are joined to a glycerol.
-Distinguish between a saturated and unsaturated fat.
If there are no double bonds between the carbon atoms composing the tail, then as many hydrogen
atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton creating saturated fat. An unsaturated fat has
one or more double bonds, formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton.
Figure 0513
-Describe the characteristics that distinguish proteins from the other major classes of
macromolecules, and explain the biologically important functions of this group.
Proteins are used for structural support, storage, transport of other substances, signaling from one
part of the organism to another, movement and defense against foreign substances. In addition, as
enzymes, proteins regulate metabolism by selectively accelerating chemical reactions in the cell.
-List and recognize four major components of an amino acid
Amino acids are organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino acid groups. Most of them
consist of asymmetric carbon bonded to four different covalent partners. Amino acids differ only in
what is attached by the fourth bond. The physical and chemical properties of the side chain
determine the unique characteristics of a particular amino acid.
-Identify a peptide bond and explain how it is formed.
When two amino acids are arranged so that the carbonyl group of one is adjacent to the amino
group of the other, an enzyme can join the amino acids by means of condensation. This is a
peptide bond.
-Explain what determines protein conformation.
A polypeptide has information in the form of its amino acid sequence, and it is that information that
determines what 3-d conformation the protein will take.
-Define primary structure.
The primary structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids.
-Describe the two types of secondary protein structure.
Most proteins have segments of their polypeptide chain repeatedly coiled or folded in patterns that
contribute to the protein’s overall conformation. Alpha helix: a delicate coil held together by
hydrogen bonding between every fourth peptide bond. Pleated helix: the polypeptide chain folds
back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other. Hydrogen bonds
between the parallel regions hold the structure together.
-Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure.
The less regular contortions of the molecule caused by the involvement of side groups in
hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary
protein structure.
-Describe quaternary protein structure.
Proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain also show a specific arrangement of their
constituent subunits in a quaternary level of structure.
-Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured.
The strunction of a protein are sensitive to conditions such as pH, salt concentration and
temperature. Changing these conditions can cause denaturation, or alteration of a protein’s shape.
-Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other major groups of
macromolecules.
Nucleic acids transmit and store hereditary information.
-Summarize the functions of nucleic acids.
Nucleic acids enable living organisms to reproduce their complex equipment from one generation
to the next.
-List the major components of a nucleotide.
DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, monomers consisting of a pentose covalently bonded to a
phosphate group and to one of four different kinds of nitrogenous bases. In the formation of a DNA
strand, nucleotides join by phosphodiester linkages to form a sugar phosphate backbone. The
sequence of bases along a DNA strand specifies the amino acid sequence of a particular protein.
-Distinguish between a pyrimidine and a purine.
Pyrimidine is characterized by a six-membered ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms, while
purine is larger with the six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring.
-List the functions of nucleotides.
They transmit and store hereditary information.
-Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA.
DNA is a helical, double-stranded macromolecule with bases projecting into the interior of the
molecule.
Themes that relate to this chapter:
1) Science as a process: it is a process to form some of these molecules and life itself is a
process because it depends on it.
2) Continuity and change: all the molecules and cells that make us are constantly changing.
3) Structure and function: the relationship between the molecular structure and its function.
4) Interdependence in nature: all living things depend on the topics discussed in this chapter.
5) Evolution: DNA is a component in evolution.
Chapter 6 Objectives
-Explain the role of catabolic and anabolic pathways in the energy exchanges of cellular
metabolism.
•CATABOLIC: BREAKDOWN, RELEASE OF ENERGY.
•ANABOLIC: BUILD-UP, CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY
-Distinguish between kinetic and potential energy.
–KINETIC: ENERGY OF MOTION
–POTENTIAL: ENERGY AT STANDSTILL IN RELATION TO POSSIBLE MOTION
Figure 0604
-Explain, in their own words, the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.
¨1ST LAW: ENERGY CANNOT BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED
¨2ND LAW: ENERGY CHANGES FORM (CHANGE IN ENTROPY)
-Describe the function of ATP in the cell.
ATP is the cell’s energy shuttle.
-List the three components of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules of which
it belongs.
¨HYDROLYSIS OF ONE OF ITS PHOSPHATE BONDS RELEASES ADP, INORGANIC PHOSPHATE, AND FREE
ENERGY
-Explain how ATP performs cellular work.
¨ATP DRIVES ENDERGONIC REACTIONS BY TRANSFER OF THE PHOSPHATE GROUP TO SPECIFIC
REACTANTS, MAKING THEM MORE REACTIVE
¨THEREFORE, CELLS CAN CARRY OUT WORK, SUCH AS MOVEMENT AND ANABOLISM
¨CATABOLIC PATHWAYS, DRIVE THE REGENERATION OF ATP FROM ADP AND PHOSPHATE
Figure 0608
-Explain the relationship between enzyme structure and enzyme specificity.
¨EACH TYPE OF ENZYME HAS A UNIQUE ACTIVE SITE THAT COMBINES SPECIFICALLY
WITH ITS SUBSTRATE
¨SUBSTRATE: THE REACTANT MOLECULE ON WHICH AN ENZYME ACTS UPON
–MECHANISM (INDUCED FIT): THE ENZYME CHANGES SHAPE SLIGHTLY WHEN IT BINDS
THE SUBSTRATE
-Explain the induced fit model of enzyme function and describe the catalytic cycle of an
enzyme.
¨THE ACTIVE SITE CAN LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY BY ORIENTING SUBSTRATES
CORRECTLY, STRAINING THEIR BONDS, AND PROVIDING A SUITABLE MICROENVIRONMENT
Figure 0609 Figure 0610
-Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction.
¨EACH TYPE OF ENZYME HAS A UNIQUE ACTIVE SITE THAT COMBINES SPECIFICALLY
WITH ITS SUBSTRATE
¨SUBSTRATE: THE REACTANT MOLECULE ON WHICH AN ENZYME ACTS UPON
–MECHANISM (INDUCED FIT): THE ENZYME CHANGES SHAPE SLIGHTLY WHEN IT BINDS
THE SUBSTRATE
-Explain how enzyme activity can be regulated or controlled by environmental conditions,
cofactors, enzyme inhibitors and allosteric regulators.
¨THE ACTIVE SITE CAN LOWER ACTIVATION ENERGY BY ORIENTING SUBSTRATES
CORRECTLY, STRAINING THEIR BONDS, AND PROVIDING A SUITABLE MICROENVIRONMENT
¨AS PROTEINS, ENZYMES ARE SENSITIVE TO CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE THEIR 3-D
STRUCTURE
¨EACH ENZYME HAS AN OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE AND PH
Figure 0612 Figure 0613 Figure 0614
-Distinguish between allosteric activation and cooperativity.
METABOLIC CONTROL OFTEN DEPENDS ON ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
¨* SOME ENZYMES CHANGE SHAPE, WHEN REGULATORY MOLECULES, EITHER
ACTIVATORS OR INHIBITORS, BIND TO SPECIFIC ALLOSTERIC SITES
¨* ALLOSTERIC SITE: A SPECIFIC RECEPTOR SITE ON AN ENZYME REMOTE FROM THE
ACTIVE SITE. MOLECULES BIND TO THE ALLOSTERIC SITE AND CHANGE THE SHAPE OF
THE ACTIVE SITE, MAKING IT EITHER MORE OR LESS RECEPTIVE TO THE SUBSTRATE
Figure 0615 Figure 0617 Figure 0618
Themes in Relation to the Chapter:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Science as a process. The process of metabolism and how enzymes form.
Energy transfer: metabolism is one way that energy is transferred.
Interdependence in nature: live organisms depend on DNA to procreate.
Relationship of structure to function: the structure of the enzyme and the substrate fits its
function.
5) Continuity and change: in order to have change in biology, we depend on DNA .