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2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network, 8-9 October 2009, Athens, Greece Premises for Large-Scale Implementation of Distributed Generation in Romania Camelia Vasile, MSc Eng Institute for Studies and Power Engineering Athens, 10/08/2009 1 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Contents General framework Structure and prospects Targets Legislation Promotion Mechanism Regulatory obstacles and necessary measures Research priorities Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 2 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network General framework (1) DG has, in the long term, the potential to make a large contribution to the EU energy supply, achieving security of energy supply and environmental sustainability. Main targets: Decreasing the cost of electricity and fuel supplies to competitive levels developing highly efficient concepts and achieving major cost reductions in the entire production chain Improving reliability, safety, availability, system efficiency and durability with long maintenance intervals of electricity supply Transforming the conventional power transmission and distribution grid into a sustainable, unified and active energy service network with a large share of DG requires new concepts and systems for planning, control and supervision. Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 3 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network General framework (2) In Romania - DG utilization is making its first steps - interest of investors in installing WPPs increased considerably - is expected that investments in DG technologies will grow Potential for RES - very high Successful projects are in place, but the investment rate in the renewable sector is quite low Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 4 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Structure and Prospects (1) Structure of electricity production in 2008 Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 5 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Structure and Prospects (2) Hydro energy - the biggest share in the total participation of RES to the power balance Hidroelectrica (state-owned company): 275 HPPs and power pumping stations summing up an installed capacity of 6,374 MW main output comes from large hydropower plants Power generation in HPPs in 2008: 17 TWh Strategy for the period 2003-2025: in 2025 70% of the hydro potential will be used (compared to 50% today) electricity production - 24 TWh for an installed capacity of 9,000 MW Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 6 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Structure and Prospects (3) Installed capacity in wind turbines - 11 MW Great number of private investors interested in installing new wind generation capacities - wind power the only RES for which there are important planned projects Requests for grid connection received by the TSO about 7000 MW Estimated that only 1000 – 1500 MW will be integrated into the NPS in a first phase Connection agreements for an installed capacity of 900 MW Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 7 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Structure and Prospects (4) A certain increase in solar electric utilization In the last years High investment costs Not expected to have a significant contribution in the power balance Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 8 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Targets for RES (Energy Strategy of Romania) RES targets (electricity produced from RES in the gross domestic electricity consumption) 38% 38% 37% 36% 35% 35% 34% 33% 33% 32% 31% 30% 2010 Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 2015 2020 9 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Existing Legislation Law 220/2008 establishing the promotion system for RES electricity generation GD 750/2008 approving state subsidies for RES utilization GD 90/2008 - Regulation regarding the interconnection of generators to the power grids of national interest Energy Law no 13/2007 - transposes articles from the EU Directive 2003/54/CE concerning common rules for the internal market in electricity GD 1535/2004 approving the National Strategy for Renewable Energy Sources Utilization GD 443/2003 regarding the promotion of electricity production from renewable energy sources – transposes the EU RES-e Directive 2001/77/EC provisions Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 10 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network RES Promotion Mechanism (1) Green certificates and mandatory quota system Mandatory quotas for the suppliers settled until 2020: 8.3% for the period 2010 – 2012 16.8% for 2020 GCs price: Min 27 Euro/certificate Max 55 Euro/certificate Penalty system Penalties for non fulfilment of the quota: 70 Euro/certificate for the non-purchased certificates Collected penalties are used annually for investments in the national grid Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 11 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network RES Promotion Mechanism (2) The electricity producers receive from the TSO a) 1 GC for each MWh of electricity produced in new HPPs or refurbished HPPs with an installed power up to 10 MW and delivered into the grid for each 2 MWh of electricity produced in HPPs with an installed power between 1 and 10 MW, other than those mentioned above, and delivered into the grid b) 2 GCs for each MWh of electricity produced in HPPs with an installed power up to 1 MW and delivered into the grid up to 2015 and 1 GC starting with 2016 for each MWh produced in WPPs and delivered into the grid c) 3 GCs for each MWh produced from biomass, biogas, bioliquids, etc. and delivered into the grid d) 4 GCs for each MWh produced from solar energy and delivered into the grid Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 12 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Regulatory obstacles to the deployment of DG and necessary measures (1) Responsible for RES energy promotion - a number of institutions and state administrative authorities (Ministry of Economy, local authorities, ANRE, ARCE) not appointed by law to execute economic activities (e.g. execution of pilot projects in the RES field, implementation of new execution projects for new capacities, etc.) and not having a specific apparatus for developing such activities Established responsibilities and competencies in the field of RES are not clear Management of such activities can only be achieved by dedicated structures Measures Obstacles Non-existence of a competent Creation of a management body within authority responsible for the the Ministry of Economy and Finances implementation of the strategy dedicated to the activity of RES energy for RES utilization promotion and achievement of RES strategy goals Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 13 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Regulatory obstacles to the deployment of DG and necessary measures (2) GD 219/2007 transposes the provisions of EU directive 2004/8/EC concerning the promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand No steps made towards the elaboration of secondary legislation necessary for: adoption of the harmonized reference values and of applicable correction factors; approval of bonus-type support scheme applied to the cogeneration electricity production; analysis for the national cogeneration potential of Romania Exception: procedure for issuing the guarantees of origin for the electricity produced in cogeneration of high-efficiency Obstacles Lack of secondary legislation for the promotion of CHP Measures Elaboration of secondary legislation for the promotion of cogeneration of highefficiency Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 14 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Regulatory obstacles to the deployment of DG and necessary measures (3) Grid operators - priority connection of all RES or cogeneration units investments for integration of such generators Costs that affect the grid operators are related to: grid strengthening and development back-up capacities from other power plants that have to be kept in reserve for cases of total generation outages of DG, such as WPP, as well as for balancing variations in wind energy injections development of new activities. These costs submitted to the regulator for approval and then reflected into the price of the consumers Measures Obstacles Regulatory uncertainties of cost Development of a mechanism for recovery of distribution and determining a fair cost allocation for transmission companies for RES DG integration integration into the grids Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 15 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Regulatory obstacles to the deployment of DG and necessary measures (4) Project developers need to obtain an entire package of permits and approvals from a series of state and municipal authorities, depending on the project specifics The process of obtaining all approvals is very heavy (could take up to two years) - delays for the investment project. Obstacles Time consuming administrative Measures Establishing procedures for DG project procedures for development proposals and diminishing the projects response times Lack of informational support for potential DG investors Improvement of the “Guide for RES electricity producer” with information related to the authorization procedure for a RES generation capacity construction Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 16 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (1) A. Assessment of the potential Old potential for RES and its values calculated at country level No updating of the RES potential maps No CHP potential studies Lack of knowledge about the protected areas on which constructions are not allowed - problems in obtaining the environmental permit No centralized database regarding the areas with RES potential or a portfolio of RES projects to help the investors in selecting their investment location Measures Inventory of renewable energy sources by sources and regions and exclusion of protected areas from the RES potential maps CHP potential study Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 17 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (2) B. Technical priorities The solution studies emphasized a series of problems related to two important issues: the connection possibilities how the NPS grid should react when it has to deal with a power source with random and intermittent operation mode Problems signaled in relation to the grid connection: limited possibilities of the existent networks (distribution as well as transport) to evacuate the power produced by the wind farms; the effects of wind farms connection to the grids, especially regarding the voltage level and the power quality Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 18 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (3) Research on Impact of DG on the Design and Operation of the Grid The solution studies highlighted the following: At MV level (20 kV) connecting WPP of maximum 10 MW - due to reduced capacity of the evacuation line or due to risk of exceeding the short circuit capacity of the interconnection substations difficulties in maintaining the flicker effect in the limits set by the technical norms problems in keeping the voltage in its admissible limits At HV level (110 kV) need of tele-transmission means (e.g. optical fiber) - additional expenses for the connection options of a WPP directly to an existing line the HV grid needs to be developed - research for its transformation from a passive network into an active one At transport network level (220 kV, 400 kV) The Romanian NPS does not have enough quick start tertiary reserves required for wind operating systems Technical connection permits issued for 2650 MW Quick start tertiary reserves are available for only 800 MW (analyses of the National Dispatch Center - DEN) Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 19 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (4) Research on grid elements Contemporary power electronic interface Use of last generation of power electronics and invertors available in countries with better experience in DG for improving the reliability and flexibility of the distribution system Romanian research community needs to focus on the improvement in manufacturing, design and technology researches in converter topologies and control the use of new materials for semiconductors and magnetic components ICT for network management Limited possibilities for financing innovations in the network - ICT implementation should be carried out gradually, after a preliminary plan taking into account the priority of urgent needs, expenses and time needed for their introduction Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 20 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (5) System research Assessment and improving the grid possibilities to integrate DG Studies regarding the impact of WPPs on the NPS emphasized that the use of dimensioning criteria applicable in the case of classical power plants is not conclusive. For instance, the connection solution analysis cannot be done only at peak load - DGs like WPPs cannot be planned so that they cannot be correctly considered in covering the load curve Distribution and transport grids require strengthening investments for wide penetration of DG Another problem - the calculation of the transitory stability Wind forecast - no proper solution for this issue – e.g. a cooperation between the TSO, the National Agency for Meteorology and wind dispatch operators Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 21 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (6) System research Active Design Concept for the Grid Structure Requests for the installation of over 12,000 MW in WPPs up to 2012 - unknown if all this power could be installed Difficulties for the grid operators in planning the development of the distribution and transport grids Is important that grid operators develop active network management for integrating DG into the grid Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 22 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (7) System research Demand Side Management DSM programs - planning, implementing, and monitoring activities of electric utilities, designed to encourage consumers to modify their level and pattern of electricity usage The various opportunities for including the consumers into the grid operation are not used in the Romanian electric system and need to be properly researched Micro-grids The micro-grid concept allows for local control of distributed generation thereby reducing or eliminating the need for central dispatch. A high level of interest and research on the utilization of micro-grids concept at EU level Research is also needed to be done in Romania towards its implementation Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 23 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (8) Research on Electricity Storages DG technologies are intermittent, requiring demand flexibility, backup power sources, and very likely enough electricity storage for days to perhaps a week Strategically-placed storage systems can increase the utilization of existing T&D equipment and defer/eliminate the need for costly T&D additions In Romania the most common storage technology is pumped hydro storage Research on DG Technologies Equipment manufacturing is done on a very small-scale and for the new DG investments imported equipment and systems are preferred Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 24 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (9) C. DG Economics The economics of DG depend on complex mix of economic factors On one hand - economic advantages over power from the grid: On-site production avoids T&D costs Production can be limited to parts of the day when grid electricity is expensive, with grid power purchased at less costly periods DG can be available in the case of a power system outage to assure a more reliable supply DG may also be better positioned to use inexpensive fuels (ex. local biomass) On the other hand - higher unit capital costs/kW due to high combined capital, operation, and maintenance costs of DG systems Understanding of the fundamental economics of DG is essential for policymakers to arrive at sound decisions regarding the future of DG Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 25 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Research priorities (10) D. Pricing & Cost allocation An analysis should be done towards finding whether the feed-in-tariff would be a better support scheme for RES investments encouraging Research on the development of a mechanism for proper allocation of costs to distribution and transmission companies for DG integration to the grids is needed Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 26 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Priorities timing Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 27 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Conclusions In Romania DG utilization is in its very beginning but it is expected that the investments in DG technology applications will grow In order to integrate DG to the Romanian power system there is need for sustained research and measures to overcome the obstacles of regulatory, economic and technical nature With the recent “rush” for wind power in Romania additional measures are needed in order to ensure the security and stability of the NPS in accordance with the UCTE methodology on system adequacy Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 28 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 29 2nd International Conference “Energy and Climate Change” of PROMITHEAS Network Contact CAMELIA VASILE, MSc Eng. Institute for Studies and Power Engineering (ISPE) Energy and Environment Division 1-3 Lacul Tei Blvd. 020371 Bucureşti Romania ph. + 40 21 2061331 fax. + 40 21 2101255 email: [email protected] www.ispe.ro Institute for Studies and Power Engineering 30