Download Clauses Revision

A clause is a group of related words
containing a subject and a verb.
A clause is different from a phrase in that a phrase
does not include a subject and a verb relationship.
Clauses come in different types: Independent [or main],
Dependent [or Subordinate ]
•
Main clauses has a subject and a predicate and expresses a complete
thought.
•
It is the only type of clause that can sand alone as a sentence.
•
Conjunction cannot be include in your clauses.
Every main clause will follow this pattern:
subject + verb = complete thought.
Examples :
Lazy students whine.
My dog loves pizza crusts.
Students = subject; whine = verb.
Dog = subject; loves = verb.
• It has a subject and a predicate, but DOES NOT express a
complete thought.
• It cannot stand alone as a sentence.
A subordinate clause will follow this pattern:
subordinate conjunction + subject + verb = incomplete thought.
Examples:
Whenever lazy students whine. Whenever = subordinate conjunction;
students = subject; whine = verb.
Because my dog loves pizza crusts. Because = subordinate
conjunction; dog = subject; loves = verb.
There are 3 types of dependent clauses:
Adjectives clause
Adverb clause
Noun clauses.
Adjectives clauses:
•
Modifies (describes) a noun or a pronoun.
•
May begin with a relative pronoun ( Who, whom, whose, that
and which) or a relative adverb (when, where, or why)
•
Normally follows the word it modifies.
An adjetctive clause will follow this pattern:
relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb = incomplete thought
Examples:
Whom Mrs. Russell hit in the head with a chalk eraser.
Whom = relative pronoun; Mrs. Russell = subject; hit = verb.
Where he chews and drools with great enthusiasm. Where = relative
adverb; he = subject; chews, drools = verbs.
There are two types of adjectives: essential or nonessential
a) Adjective essential:
•
Is necessary to make the meaning of a sentence clear.
•
It must not be set off by commas..
Example:
A dog that eats too much pizza will soon develop pepperoni breath.
b) Adjective nonessential:
•
Is not necessary to make the meaning of a sentence clear.
•
Always use commas to set off a nonessential clause.
Example:
My dog Floyd, who eats too much pizza, has developed pepperoni
breath.
What is an Adverb Clause?
• A group of words which contains a
subject and a finite verb that describes
or adds to the meaning of a verb, an
adjective and another adverb.
2. Adverb clauses:
• Modifies (describes) a verb, and adjective or an adverb.
• It tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what
conditions.
Examples:
Before I took the test, I studied for a long hour.
While walking, she listens to the radio.
3. Nouns clauses:
•Is used as a noun within the main clause of a sentence.
•You can use a noun clause as a subject, a direct and indirect object,
an object of a preposition or a predicate nominate.
Example:
You really do not want to know what Aunt Nancy adds to her stew.
Adverb Clause can be divided into:
1. Time
2. Reason
3. Concession
4. Contrast
5. Result
6. Purpose
7. Place
8. Manner
1. Adverb Clause of Time
• These clauses are introduced by when,
when, whenever, while, as, before,
after, till, until, since and as soon as,
Examples:
• When he arrives, he will tell us the truth.
• Mary was dancing while John was singing.
• The train left as we arrived.
• I will stay with you until your mother comes home.
• After he had got the money, he left home
immediately.
(For more examples, pls. refer to the grammar notes.)
2. Adverb Clause of Reason
• These clauses are introduced by because,
since, for and as, etc.
Examples:
• I was late because I could not catch the bus.
• Since I was late, I took a taxi.
• The manager dismissed Mary, for she was very
lazy.
• As the weather was bad, we cancelled the picnic.
3. Adverb Clause of Concession
These clauses are introduced by though,
although, even though, no matter how , no
matter what and as, etc.
Examples:
• Although he is small, he is very strong.
• No matter how smart they are, they are
required to do the revision.
• No matter what the doctor did, the girl was
still dead.
4. Adverb Clause of Contrast
• These clauses are introduced by whereas
and while
• Examples:
We took the train whereas Pete drove.
While Tom is a good math student, Pam does
well in English.
5. Adverb Clause of Result
These clauses are always linked with so that,
so + adj. / adv. + that and such + a + noun +
that, etc.
Examples:
• Tom was so weak that he could not run.
• It was such a strange story that no one
believed it.
6. Adverb Clause of Purpose
These clauses are always linked with so that,
in order that, for fear that, in case, etc.
• He arrived earlier, so that he would not be late.
• They brought a lot of food for fear that they would
be hungry during the trip.
• She brought the credit card in case she did not have
enough cash.
7. Adverb Clause of Place
These clauses are introduced by where and
wherever.
Nobody knows where he has been to.
He travels wherever he likes.
8. Adverb Clause of Manner
These clauses are introduced by as, as if and
as though.
Please do as I have told you.
* He cries as if he were mad.
* He speaks as though he were the boss.
* The subjunctive is used after as if and as though.
• A relative clause, also called an adjective clause,
modifies a noun. A relative clause can modify any
noun in the sentence: a subject, an object, or an
object of a preposition.
• A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun
(who, whom, whose, which, that, where, when,
why).
• Sometimes the pronoun can be omitted. We will
examine these cases later in the lesson.
• Sometimes commas are required. We will
examine these cases later in the lesson.
Forming relative clauses: relative
pronouns as subjects
• A relative pronoun can be the subject of the
relative clause.
– The politician is extremely happy.
– She won by a landslide. 
– The politician who won by a landslide is extremely
happy.
• This relative clause modifies the subject of the main
clause.
Forming relative clauses: relative
pronouns as subjects
– I saw the driver of the blue van.
– He caused the accident. 
– I saw the driver of the blue van, who caused the accident.
• This relative clause modifies the object of the main clause.
• When the relative pronoun is the subject of the
relative clause, use who, which, or that as the
pronoun.
• When the relative pronoun is the subject of the
relative clause, it cannot be omitted.
Forming relative clauses:
relative pronouns as objects
• A relative pronoun can be the object of the
relative clause.
– The seafood wasn’t very good.
– We ate the seafood last night. 
– The seafood that we ate last night wasn’t very
good.
• This relative clause modifies the subject of the main
clause.
Forming relative clauses: relative pronouns as
objects of prepositions
• A relative pronoun can be the object of a preposition
in the relative clause.
– The movie won an Academy Award.
– I was talking to you about the movie. 
– The movie I was talking to you about won an Academy
Award. or
– The movie about which (that) I was talking to you (about)
won an Academy Award.
• This relative clause modifies the subject of the sentence.
Forming relative clauses: relative pronouns as
objects of prepositions
– Last Tuesday, Jamie ran into an old friend.
– She had gone to college with her. 
– Last Tuesday, Jamie ran into an old friend with
whom she had gone to college. or
– Last Tuesday, Jamie ran into an old friend she had
gone to college with.
• This relative clause modifies the object of the main
clause.
Forming relative clauses: relative pronouns as
objects of prepositions
• When the relative pronoun is the object of a
preposition in the relative clause, you have several
choices:
– begin the clause with the preposition + whom/which
– begin the clause with who, whom, which, or that, and put
the preposition at the end of the clause
– omit the pronoun and put the preposition at the end of
the clause.
Summary of relative pronouns as subjects,
objects, and objects of prepositions
relative pronouns relative pronouns relative pronouns
as subjects
as objects
as objects of
prepositions
who (people)
which (things)
that (things)
do not omit
who(m) people
which (things)
that (things)
can be omitted
prep + whom/which
who(m)…prep
which…prep
that…prep
can be omitted but
do not omit prep
Essential and nonessential relative
clauses
• An essential relative clause limits the meaning
of the noun it modifies. It identifies or defines
that noun in some way.
– The man who is standing over there is a famous
actor.
– Which man?
– The man who is standing over there.
Restrictive and non-restrictive relative
clauses
• A non-essential relative clause gives additional
or extra information that is not needed to
identify the noun.
– Mr. Stevens, who is standing over there, is the
mayor of our town.
Restrictive and nonrestrictive relative
clauses – pronoun use
• Do not use the pronoun that in a nonessential relative clause. Use who or which
instead.
– X Mars, that is the fourth planet from the sun, is
smaller than Earth.
– Mars, which is the fourth planet from the sun, is
smaller than Earth.
Restrictive and nonrestrictive relative
clauses – comma use.
• Use commas to isolate non-essential relative
clauses. Do not use commas with essential
relative clause.
– Mars, which is the fourth planet from the sun, is
smaller than earth.
– The planet that has the largest rings is Saturn.
Beyond the basics – clauses of time,
place & reason
• When, where, and why can introduce relative clauses
after nouns referring to time, place, and reason, as in
these examples:
• They are used in the same way as preposition +
which.
– Do you see a bench where (on which) we can sit down?
– July 4, 1776 is the day when (on which) the Declaration of
Independence was signed.
– Do you know the reason why (for which) I joined the
team?
Beyond the basics – modifying a clause
• Relative clauses beginning with which can
modify a clause, not just a noun. Use
commas.
– He always comes late, which really annoys me.
Beyond the basics – expressions of
quantity
• Relative clauses may contain an expression of
quantity with of (e.g. some of, many of).
• Use whom, which, and whose in with expressions of
quantity.
• Use commas.
– The article contained a number of errors, most of which
the editor was able to catch.
– He has three brothers, none of whom have been as
successful as he has.
– We discussed the candidate, one of whose strengths was
his experience working with computers.
Noun Clauses …
• A noun clause is a subordinate clause
that acts as a noun.
– Usually start with a relative pronoun
• Relative Pronouns: that, which,
who, whom, whose
– Acts like a noun or an adjective
Functions in
Sentences
Examples
Subject
Whoever travels the
Chattahoochee River follows the
yellow rafts gently floating down a
peaceful track.
Direct Object
You must pack whatever you will
need.
Indirect Object
You should give whoever waits at
the camp a copy of your route.
Object of a
Preposition
Robert Campbell settled trading
camps in whatever regions the
Hudson’s Bay Company sent him.
Predicate
Nominative
At 40, Campbell’s most notable
achievement was that he
established Fort Selkirk.
(is a noun or pronoun that
appears with a linking verb
and renames, identifies, or
explains the subject)
The Uses of Relative Pronouns
Within
the
Clause
As a Subject:
The part of Alaska that is
that is within the Arctic Circle
within the Arctic Circle is cold
most of the year.
As a Direct Object:
(Reworded) I met whom last
year
The explorer whom I met last
year has never been to the
North Pole.
As the Object of a
Preposition:
(Reworded) little foliage can
grow in which – obj of prep
The climate is one in which
little foliage can grow.
As an Adjective:
whose sled left without him
Adj.
I saw a dog whose sled left
without him.
More on Adverb Clauses and how these clauses
function in sentences …
Remember that adverb clauses modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or verbals
(gerund, participial, and infinitive phrases) by telling where, when, in what
way, to what extent, under what condition, or why.
Modified
Words
Examples
Verb:
The Yukon entered Canada’s confederation after
a gold rush brought 100,000 people to the
territory.
Adjective:
The miner’s children were nervous whenever he
entered a tunnel.
Adverb:
Today’s dig lasted longer than the one yesterday.
Participle:
The miners, cheering whenever someone made a
strike, were excited.
Gerund:
Digging wherever miners thought there was gold
has left the Yukon full of old miners.
Infinitive:
The tired miners wanted to relax after the
workday ended.