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Resources And Development
Resources: Everything available in our environment which can
be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically
accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be
termed as resources.
Classifications Of Resources
Basis of origin:
Biotic: These are obtained from biosphere and have life such as
human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc.
Abiotic: All those things which are composed of non-living
things are called abiotic resources. For example, rocks and
metals.
Basis of exhaustibility
Renewable Resources: the resources which can be renewed or
reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes are known as
renewable or replenishable resources.
Non-Renewable Resources: These occurs over a very long geological
time. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources. These
resources take millions of years in their formation.
Basis of ownership
Individual Resources: These are owned by privately by individuals.
Community: These are resources which are accessible to all the members
of the community.
National resources: Technically all the resources belong to the nation.
The country has legal powers to acquire even private property or public
good. For example road, canals, railways etc.
International Resources: The resources which are belong to open ocean
and no individual country can utilise these without concurrence of
international institutions'
Basis Of Stage Development
Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have
not been utilized.
Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality
and quantity have been determined for utilization.
Stock Resources: Materials in the environment which have the potential to
satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate
technology to access these, are included among stock.
Resources Drawsback
1. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few
individuals.
2. Accumulation of resources in few hands.
3. Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global
ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer
depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Sustainable Development
Sustainable economic development means ‘ development should take
place without damaging the environment and development in the
present should not compromises with the needs of the future
generations.’
Resource planning
Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. It has
importance in a country like India, which has enormous diversity in the
availability of resources. There are regions which are rich in certain types of
resources but are deficient in some other resources. There are some regions
which can be considered self sufficient in terms of the availability of resources
and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
This calls for balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local
levels.
The availability of resources is a necessary condition for development of any
region, but mere availability of resources in the absence of corresponding
changes in technology and institutions may hinder development. There are many
regions in our country that are rich resources but these are included in
economically backward regions. On the contrary there are some regions which
have poor resource base but they are economically developed.
Resource Planning In India
1.Identification and inventory of resources across the
regions of the country. This involves surveying,
mapping and qualitative estimation and
measurement of the resources.
2.Evolving a planning structure endowed with
appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up
for implementing resource development plans.
3.Matching the resource development plans with
overall national development plans.
Resources are vital for any developmental activity. But
irrational consumption and over-utilization of
resources may lead to socio-economic and
environmental problems. To overcome these
problems, resource conservation at various levels is
important.
Gandhiji was very apt in voicing his concern about
resource conservation in these words. “There is
enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s
greed's.”
• Plains 43% Net
Sown Area (NSA)
54% of Plain.
• Mountains
30%
• Plateau 27%
Land resources are used for the
following purposes:
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
a) Barren and waste land
b) Land put to non-agricultural uses. E.g. buildings, roads, factorie.etc.
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land)
a)Permanent pastures and grazing land.
b)land under miscellaneous tree crop groves (not included sown area)
c)cultural waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agriculture years )
4. Fallow land
a) fallow (left without cultivation for one or less than one agriculture years)
b)other than current fallow (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agriculture year)
5.Net sown area
A sown more than once in an agriculture year plus net sown area as gross cropped
area.
LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA
• The use of land is determined both by physical
factors such as topography , climate , soil types as
well as human factors such as population density,
technological capacity and culture and traditional
etc.
• Total geography area of India is 3.28 million sq.
km land use data, however, is available only for
93% of total area because the land use reporting
for most of the north east states expect Assam
has not been done fully.
LAND DEGRADATION
Degraded land in India 130 million hectares
28% forest degraded area
56% water eroded area
16% affected by saline and alkaline deposits
REMEDY OF LAND DEGRADATION
• Planting of shelter belt
of plant
• Control of over gazing
• Stabilization sand dunes
by growing thorny
bushed
• Control of mining
activities
• Proper discharge of
industrial effluents and
waste
Soil
as a resources
SOIL AS A RESOURCES
SOIL IS THE MOST
INPORTANT
RENEWABLE NATURAL
RESOUCES. It is the
medium of plant
growth and supports
different typed of
living organisms on the
earth.
Factor contributing to soil formation
•
•
•
•
Change in temperature
Action of running water
Action of wind and glacier
Activities of decomposers
Classification of soil in
India
Alluvial soil
Black soil
Red and Yellow soil
Laterite soil
Arid soil
Forest soil
Alluvial soil
Property
Alluvial soil are very
fertile. Mostly this soil
contain adequate
proportion of potash,
phosphoric acid and
lime which are ideal for
the growth of
sugarcane, paddy,
wheat and other cereal
crop.
SPREAD IN INDIA
These have been
deposited by river
system the Indus ,the
Ganga and the
Brahmaputra. Also
found in eastern coastal
plains. The deltas of the
Mahanadi, the
Godavari, the Krishna
and the Knavery river.
Types of alluvial soil
• Old alluvial soil
• New alluvial soil
Black soil
(REGUR SOIL )
PROPERTY
• Black soil are made up of
extremely fine clay. Their
capacity is to hold moisture.
They are rich in soil
nutrients. They are poor in
phosphoric content. They
develop deep crack during
hot weather, which helps in
proper aeration of the soil.
These soil are sticky.
Spread in India
• Spread over north west
Deccan pleatue, pleatue of
Maharashtra, Saurashtra. In
the upper Malawi, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh
and extent in the south
west the south east
direction along the Godavari
an the Krishna .
IDEAL CROP –cotton hence
another name black cotton
soil.
Red and yellow
soil
Property
• These soil have red color
due to diffusion of iron in
crystallive and metamorphic
rock. It look yellow when its
found in hydrated form
Spread
• Parts of Orissa,
Chhattisgarh, southern
parts of the middle Ganga
plains and along the
piedmont zone of the
western Ghats.
Laterite soil
Property
spread
• Laterite has been derived
from the Latin word, later ’
which means brick. the
laterite soil develop in area
which high temperature and
heavy rainfall. Humus
contain of the soil is low.
Laterite soil are suitable for
cultivation with adequate
dose of measure and fertile.
• Varna taka, Verala, Tamil
nadu, Madhya Pradesh and
the hilly areas of Orissa and
Assam.
Crop
after adopting appropriative
soil conservation technique
particular in the hilly area of
Varnataka, Kerala and Tamil
Nadu, this soil is very use
for growing tea and coffee.
Arid soil
Arid soil range from red to brown in
colour. They are generally sandy in
texture and saline in nature. In some
areas the salt content is very high and
common salt is obtained by
evaporating the water. Due to dry
climate, high temperature,
evaporating is faster and the soil
looks humus and moisture. The lower
horizon of the soil are occupied by
kankar because of the increasing
calcium downwards. The kankar layer
formations in the bottom horizon
restrict the infiltration of water. After
proper irrigation these soil become
cultivable as has been in the case of
western Rajasthan.
Forest soil
These soil are found I n the hilly
and mountainous areas where
sufficient rain forest are available.
The soil texture varies according to
the mountain environment where
they are formed . They are fertile
and silty. I valley sides and coarse
grained in the upper slopes. In the
snow covered area of Himalayas
these soils experience denudation
and are acidic with low valley
particularly on the river terraces
and alluvial fans are fertile.
Soil erosion means
The soil cover and subsequent washing
down is described as soil erosion. The
process of soil formation and erosion, go
on simultaneously. Generally there is
balancing between the two.
Causes of soil
erosion
• Human activities like,
deforestation, over
grazing construction
and mining.
• Defective method of
farming
• Ploughing in wrong way.
• Sheet erosion
• Wind erosion
Sheet Erosion
Gulvi Erosion
Prevented Method
• Countor
ploughing
• Terrace
farming
• Strip farming
• Shelter farming