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The Development of the Muslim Empire and the Schism within Islam The First Four Caliphs Muhammad died in 632 = Elders and leaders within the Islamic community chose the following men to be caliph (successor of the prophet) • • • • Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) Umar (r. 634-644) Uthman (r. 644-656) Ali (r. 656-661) * All four are from Quraysh tribe Abu Bakr (r. 632-634) Faced 2 major problems 1. Loss of loyalty with Muhammad’s death 2. Appearance of false prophets Despite problems worked to expand empire Umar (r. 634-644) • Continued to add to the Islamic territory • Administered Islamic State by defining territory between lands where Islam was practiced dar al-Islam and land from which attacks were launched dar al-Harb Uthman (r. 644-656) The first 6 years of reign = peaceful and prosperous but he came to face problems: 1. Expansion slows 2. Wealthy violating the zakat 3. Accused of nepotism Killed in 656 by a mob Ali (r. 656-661) • Strong support from many Muslims • Also faced resistance – especially from Syrian Gov. Muawiya (from the Umayyad Clan), Uthman’s cousin • Results in Battle of Siffin Division of the Umma (Islamic Community) • 2 Caliphs – Muawiya reigns over Syria & Egypt • Ali over Saudi Arabia and other areas • 661 = attempts on both of their lives; Ali is killed, Muawiya not = Begins the reign of the Umayyads from Damascus, Syria The Umayyads vs. Muhammad’s Family • Muawiya dies in 680 = son Yezid became successor • Opposition from Ali and Fatima’s son Hussain = Battle • Result = schism w/in Islam = Sunnis and Shiites Sunni Shiite “The Way” • 85-90% of Muslims • Muhammad never chose successor •Devout Muslims can rule “The Party of Ali” •Daily practices are similar •Both share similar understanding of Islamic beliefs: concepts of piety, striving for goodness and social justice •Both live by Five Pillars • Caliph = descendent of Muhammad •Ali was chosen as successor •Hussain is a martyr • Only an imam can interpret the Quran •Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon = largest %