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Biodiversity Loss Presented by Jim Jackson Debbie Lynch Biodiversity Loss CAUSES ETHICS SOLUTIONS Yes, that is the Carolina Parakeet. Biodiversity Defined Population Diversity Size of overall population Size and Numbers of local populations Distribution Genetic makeup Better for analyzing biodiversity loss Species Diversity Differences between species Most often used to quantify biodiversity loss More studies completed in this area Presentation focus Rosy Periwinkle. What is Natural? Compared to… Average Species lives for 4 million years One mammal per 1000 years One bird per 500 years 80 mammals in 400 years 115 birds in 400 years One reptile or amphibian every 400 years 123 fish in 100 years (in America alone) Biodiversity Loss •Overexploitaion CAUSES •Invasive Species •Habitat Loss Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Overexploitation Death rate > Birth rate Steller’s Seacow –Hunted for profit/food Passenger Pigeon –Hunted as a pest Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Invasive Species Affects 49% of threatened or endangered species in America 10% rule: 10% of introduced species take, 10% of species that take become invasive McDonaldization Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Invasive Species Linear relationship between diversity of species and landmass If the earth was a single landmass, we would lose 66% of mammal diversity & 48% bird diversity Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Invasive Species Predation Ex: Cats vs. New Zealand ground birds Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Invasive Species Competition & Habitat Alteration Ex: Knapweed! Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Invasive Species Hybridization Ex. Native Mediterranean White Duck vs. more numerous Ruddy Duck + = Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Invasive Species Disease Vectors Colonization of the Americas Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Habitat Loss Affects 85% of threatened or endagered species in America Area the size of South America is planted with crops 175 billion pounds of nitrogen & tons of pesticide applied annually Biodiversity Loss CAUSES Habitat Loss Logging forests Overharvesting Water => habitat loss manipulation Damns, irrigation Biodiversity Loss •Life is Sacred •Economics Costs/Benefit •$30 trillion worth of services •Costs US $137 billion to fight invasive species annually •Future Benefits •Medicines •It’s Cool ETHICS Biodiversity Loss Every Species Has Its Natural Environment Species that are capable SOLUTIONS Species that live in a specific area are ENDEMICS. of living in a variety of environments are GENERALISTS. Endemics are more likely to be affected by change. Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Protecting Biodiversity Priorities Econimically •It is economically advantageous to protect biodiversity Ecologically •By protecting biodiversity, it will prevent ecological problems Secondary Emotional Attachment •By protecting nature for nature’s sake provides intrinsic value to biodiversity Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Economical In Costa Rica, a preserve was established to preserve biodiversity for economic reasons Ecotourism Pharmaceuticals Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Ecological Keystone species are species that are crucial to the structure of the entire ecosystem. Without keystone species, ecosystems could not function well. Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Intrinsic Value First Lady Laura Bush has begun to restore their Crawford Texas ranch with native species of grasses. By restoring the native vegetation, Laura hopes to restore the natural habitat of a variety of species. Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Methods of Preservation In Situ Habitat Conservation Regulation of Land Use Protecting Species Ex Situ Captive Breeding Zoological Parks Botanical Gardens Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Irian Jaya’s Reserve System In designing the Irian Jaya reserves, the Indonesian government considers Habitat Biogeography Area Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS The Black Footed Ferret With an extremely small population, these ferrets were captured in order to reestablish a viable population. Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Cost/Benefits of Protecting Biodiversity Opportunity Costs Biodiversity Loss SOLUTIONS Opportunity Costs Management Maintenance Future Benefits Economic Value