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Transcript
The Renaissance Images and Concepts. The Rebirth of art, learning, & classical culture (Greek and Roman) Where & When 1300-1600 A.D. Started in Northern Italy Ideas spread throughout the rest of Europe Italy Advantages Heritage of Greece and Rome Trade Routes develop in Northern Italy after Crusades Thriving Cities Merchant Class develops Heritage Return to Greek and Roman Looked down on Middle Ages Inspired from Ruins to recreate greatness Ethnocentrism Merchants Wealthy, powerful class Politically Involved “Made” – not born into it Rise of the Nation The School of Europe Florence: Medici Family ruled Florence for over sixty-five years. Influential in the woolen mills and baking industries of Florence. Cosimo de Medici gained authority after the uprising of the woolen workers. Cosimo was able to appease the workers and appeared to be a man of Republican virtue. Many compared him to the Emperors of Greece. Lorenzo de Medici was a patron of the arts. He was neglectful of family business and is considered responsible for the loss of the Medici family authority. Lorenzo failed take care of business responsibilities and caused the fail of the Medici Bank. The Medici Family Florence, Italy Successful Traders & Bankers Wealthiest family in Italy Control Florence for ~40 years Who made it possible? Johann Gutenberg’s Printing Press A Chain Reaction Humanism + Printing Press 4 major events… 1) Renaissance: Rebirth of classical ideas & learning 2) Reformation: leads to challenge of Church authority 3) Exploration: now they’ll explore, expand, get rich 4) Literacy Rates Increase in Europe Renaissance Culture Individualism – The belief that the individual is most important Humanism – The concept that one should focus on the concerns of the secular (human) world. Realism – portraying everyday people and everyday events Dress Styles Dress styles reflect the Individualism. Women had very complex gowns. (Until 1600’s, women wore head dresses frequently) Bodices A bodice (front piece of renaissance gowns) was intended to showcase the chest & suck in the belly. Undergarments The dreaded corset, originating in England, was used to make women’s gowns fit right. Men's Fashions Men’s clothing was varied. Men of high class wore hats (left) Tudor style, with the long robes (right) Italian dress was more common Renaissance Art Revolutionized A massive shift in art: Perspective Makes images appear on different levels (3-D) New theme: Humanism Painters portray secular themes over religious ones. Medieval Style Painting Used no perspective Very flat and bland. Early Renaissance The First Three Hall-of-Famers Masaccio 1401-1428 Founder of early Renaissance Painting Painted human figure as a real human being (3D) Used perspective Consistent source of light (accurate shadows) #2 Donatello 1386-1466 The sculptor’s Masaccio David (1430-32) First free standing, life-size nude since Classical period Contrapposto Sense of Underlying skeletal structure The Penitent Magdalen (Donatello) real gaunt “Speak, speak or the plague tak you!” #3 Boticelli 1482 Rebirth of Classical mythology Fully Pagan THE BIRTH OF VENUS Their accomplishments were made possible by… Patrons of the Arts Wealthy merchants donated to the arts to show how worldly and generous they were Renaissance Painters/Artists Raphael Michelangelo Leonardo Da Vinci Donatello Michelangelo Born 1475. Lived/worked in Florence. Sculptor, architect, and painter Most talented? Michelangelo Buonarroti Simoni Lived to be 89 Thinks of himself mainly as a sculptor but was a painter, architect and poet too If da Vinci is the scientist, Michelangelo is the poet/thinker/emotionalist Architecture of Michelangelo Designed the Dome on the Cathedral of St. Peter in the Vatican. c. 1500 [date to remember] - Monumental (13’ 5”) - Distortion (big hands, big long arms) - Florence head, extra Sprezzatura & terribilita Sprezzatura - a studied carelessness Terribilita – awe-inspiring power Renaissance ideals Sprezzatura Master Work (Cont.) He began in 1508 at the behest of Pope Julius II. Created the Ceiling paintings that are famous. Took 4 years to complete. Leonardo Da Vinci Born April 15, 1452. Gifted as a painter at a young age. Left-handed (in this time that was “the devils work”) Da Vinci’s famous works The Last Supper The Mona Lisa De Vinci and Perspective DaVinci and Invention DeVinci was a visionary. First to examine the human body, envisioned manned flight and parachutes. The Renaissance Man DaVinci had so much talent and intelligence that he embodied the spirit of the Renaissance He was a man for all ages A pioneer and visionary He was a RENAISSANCE MAN Raphael Born April 6, 1483 painter and sculptor. Simpler style than DaVinci Raphael Sanzio 1483-1520 Youngest of the 3 He synthesizes what he learns from both He began painting in Florence Called to Rome by Pope “Art responds to Art” School of Athens One point perspective All the important Greek philosophers Located in the papal apartments library Working on this commission same time Michelangelo is working on the Sistine chapel No Christian themes here Great variety of poses Uses well known figures Da Vinci is Plato Herakleitos is Michelangelo Raphael as himself Euclid is Bramante Renaissance Literature Moved away from church oriented work. Drama, poetry, and philosophy. Influenced by humanism. Printing, Thought and Literature 1. Language a. 2. Many different versions of language. The most common of educated men was Latin. Most, but not all, books would have been written in Latin. Writers a. b. c. d. e. Dante Allegerhi: Divine Comedy: Traces a journey from Hell into the light of Heaven. Dante is lead on this journey by Virgil, a Roman poet who embodies all knowledge. Petrarch: Known for his sonnets of love. Particularly to his love Laura. His work is considered to be the "perfected" Italian sonnet. Erasmus: He is considered the one who best reflects the humanist desire to draw on all wisdom to create his works. The Praise of Folly (see class handout) is one of his best-known works. In this work his mocks the monks of the church. Machiavelli: The Prince: Political satire. Brings to issue the ethics of politicians. The question "Do the ends justify the means"? Chaucer: Made use of the English vernacular in his book The Canterbury Tales. Tells the stories of people traveling to Thomas a Becket's grave in Canterbury. It is important because the book allows us to see the spectrum of classes in England during the fifteenth century. Philosophy Nicolo Machiavelli – (1469-1527) Political advisor to the Medici family. The Prince Drama William Shakespeare 1564 to 1616. English poet & playwright. Wrote 37 plays Why was the Renaissance Art and Culture Important? 1. Developed western culture beyond the church 2. Allowed for creation of individualistic works for the first times. 3. Created new literature styles 4. Created a new world view possibility. 5. Allowed Europe to accept different styles of learning (ie, Muslim) 6. Gave us the Ninja Turtles!!! Renaissance Art in Northern Europe Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art. But, Italian influence was strong. Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy. The differences between the two cultures: Italy change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity. No. Europe change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church. More princes & kings were patrons of artists. Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art The continuation of late medieval attention to details. Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]. Interest in landscapes. More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life. Details of domestic interiors. Great skill in portraiture. Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441) More courtly and aristocratic work. Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good. The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435. Quentin Massys (1465-1530) Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus. Influenced by da Vinci. Thomas More called him “the renovator of the old art.” The Ugly Dutchess, 1525-1530 Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) The greatest of German artists. A scholar as well as an artist. His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I. Also a scientist Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions. Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits. Self-Portrait at 26, 1498. Dürer The Last Supper woodcut, 1510 Durer – The Triumphal Arch, 15151517 The Triumphal Arch, details The Triumphal Arch, details Dürer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse woodcut, 1498 Hans Holbein, the Younger (14971543) One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England. While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus. Erasmus Writing, 1523 Henry VIII was his patron from 1536. Great portraitist noted for: Objectivity & detachment. Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects. Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525-1569) One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age. Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels. In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists. Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies. A master of landscapes; not a portraitist. People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces. They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious. They are types, rather than individuals. Their purpose is to convey a message. Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco) The most important Spanish artist of this period was Greek. 1541 – 1614. He deliberately distorts & elongates his figures, and seats them in a lurid, unearthly atmosphere. He uses an agitated, flickering light. He ignores the rules of perspective, and heightens the effect by areas of brilliant color. Conclusions The artistic production of Northern Europe in the 16c was vast, rich, and complex. The Northern Renaissance ended with a Mannerist phase, which lasted a generation longer in the North than it did in Italy, where it was outmoded by 1600.