Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
A. Water (H2O) - Polar – compound with one side having a (-) charge and the other a (+) charge. OH+ H+ -- hydrophilic – “water-loving” substances that are attracted to water (polar things) -- hydrophobic – “water-fearing” substances that do not like water (nonpolar things). ex. Fats, oils, waxes * Water Polarity Causes : 1. H2O to be an effective solvent (splits things dissolved in it). Universal solvent 2. Surface tension – forming of a thin layer caused by cohesion (attraction between like molecules) 3. Adhesion – attraction of different molecules. Can cause capillarity (ability of a liquid to be drawn up a tube) 4. Explains why H2O heats up and cools down more slowly because you have to use energy to break the bonds that are sticking them together first then you can get the molecules themselves to start moving or slowing down. -- this is what helps us maintain a constant body temp (warm-blooded) B. Carbon - Forms covalent bonds (sharing) - Can bond with itself to form straight, branched, or ringed chains. - These differences in bonding arrangements provide the many differences in living things. *** Formation of carbon compounds -- polymers – compound made up of repeated linked units (monomers) -- monomer – each unit of a polymer -- macromolecule – large polymers Linking of polymers - condensation reaction – the joining of monomers by releasing a water molecule. Ex. Making muscle tissue - hydrolysis reaction – the breaking down of polymers into monomers by the addition of a water molecule. Ex. digestion II. Organic Compounds 1. Carbohydrates – contain C, H, O in a ratio of 2H to 1 O. a. Monosaccharides – simple sugars. ratio of C to H to O is 1 to 2 to 1. (C6H12O6). Ex. Glucose , fructose, galactose (us) (fruits) (milk) * all 3 have same chemical formula but differ in their structural arrangement – called isomers B. Disaccharides – combining of 2 monosaccharides through a condensation reaction ex. Sucrose (sugar,beets) – made of fructose and glucose. lactose(milk) – made of glucose and galactose. C. Polysaccharide – 3 or more monosaccharides Ex. glycogen (stored animal sugar), starch (stored plant sugar), cellulose (plant cell wall) 2. Lipids – fats, oils, and waxes - do not dissolve in water - larger # of C and H and smaller # of O than a carbohydrate - used to make cell membranes and organelle membranes. A. Fatty Acids - monomer of a lipid - made up of a long, straight hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end - carboxyl end is polar, hydrocarbon end is nonpolar. In cell membranes the carboxyl end is to the outside and the hydrocarbon end is to the inside of the cell membrane. B. Triglycerides - made up of 3 fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol - unsaturated fat – liquid at room temperature, (oils of plants) – contain double-bonded carbons. C=C - saturated fats – solids at room temperature. (animal fats) – single-bonded carbons. C-C C. Wax - made up of one long fatty acid chain and a long alcohol chain ( the length is what determines how good a waterproofer it is.) D. Steroid – made up of 4-carbon rings - considered a lipid because they do not dissolve in water. 3. Proteins - made of H, O, C, and N - formed by the linking of monomers called amino acids. - most important organic compound in body –makes up your structure A. Amino Acids - 20 total, similar in structure but slightly different - each amino acid has a C as the central atom with 4 other atoms or groups attached NH2 -- amine group H --C – R group C O (what differs in all 20 ) (Carboxyl group) OH B. Dipeptides – 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond. - long chain of amino acids is a polypeptide. - Protein = 2 or more polypetides C. Enzymes – proteins that act as catalysts (substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering activation energy) - substrate – the area on a molecule where the enzyme attaches to. 4. Nucleic Acids – stores information in the cell. Types : a. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – contains information for all cell activities. Doublestranded. b. RNA (ribonucleic acid) – contains information for only protein making. Single-stranded. *** Nucleotide – monomer that makes up DNA and RNA – 4 types – contains a phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base