Download Review for structures

Name: _________________________________ Period: __________ Date: ________
Animal systems review for the exam.
Animals as an organism
1. Animals are composed of a variety of _______________ systems
2. No one system can _____________ entirely on its own
Skeletal System
Function - provides frame and __________ for all other systems
and organs
Types of Bone
_______ Bones -- longest; provide support and movement; levers;
example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones
_______ Bones -smaller than long; joints; comfort and mobility
example -- feet and hands
_______ Bones -- have an irregular shape; support and protect
example -- vertebrae
________Bones -- thin and flat; protect organs
example -- skull
Muscular System
Function-- to move the animal about, to provide ____________ for the proper
functioning of the organs.
Skeletal Muscle
Movement for the bones of the skeleton and other voluntary movement;
composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax.
Cardiac Muscle
Movement -- muscles that control the heart; striated
and arranged in bands; involuntary; amazing
Digestive System
Function-- Supplies energy by converting ingested food into usable forms
Conversion-- breaking food down into components that can be
absorbed.
Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the blood and ultimately into the
cells
Monogastric System -- Simple stomach
Examples of animals-- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans
Modified Monogastric System
Examples of Animals --horses and rabbits
Differences from simple monogastric -- enlarged __________
containing many microorganisms so that _________ can be broken
down and used.
Ruminant Digestive System Examples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk
Differences from Simple monogastric
Rumen -- storage vat; food is soaked, mixed and fermented ( lots of
microorganisms).
Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are removed, sorts feed for regurgitation
(“cud”)
Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some water
Abomasum -- “true stomach”; break down like non-ruminant stomach
Circulatory System
Function -- transports food, nutrients, water, oxygen and wastes throughout the
body; regulates temperature; removes disease.
Heart -- center of the circulatory system; large muscle that pumps continuously
Four chambers
Atria -- receives blood into heart; right from venacava, left from lungs
Ventricles -- pumps blood out into arteries; right to lungs; left to aorta
Blood Vessels
Arteries -- vessels that take blood from the heart
Veins -- vessels that return blood to the heart
Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins; deliver nutrients to the cells and take
away wastes
Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells
Blood Components
Red Blood cells -- give blood color; carry oxygen
White Blood cells -- destroy disease; pus
Platelets -- fragments of cells; aid in clotting
Respiratory System
Function
Takes oxygen from the air and places it in the bloodstream for distribution to the
cells of the animal’s body.
Removes carbon dioxide
Structures
Nostrils -- large amounts of air, open into nasal cavity
Mouth -- brings in air
Pharynx -- nasal cavity leads here; common passageway for food, water, and air;
controlled by epiglottis
Structures
Larynx -- voice box (Adam’s apple); prevents material from entering lungs.
Trachea -- large tube; made of rigid cartilaginous rings; branch into bronchi
Bronchi -- branch out further
Structures
Alveoli -- surrounded by blood vessels; carbon dioxide is removed from blood,
and oxygen is absorbed
Diaphragm -- large muscle under the lungs; when contracted, rib cage expands
and air comes in; when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out
Respiratory System Types
Lungs
Gills
Nervous System
Function
The central system that controls all movements and processes of the body
Impulse Movement -- sends information through a system of nerves
electric impulses
Structures
Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the body
Sensory Neurons - send impulses from the body to the brain
Spinal Cord - all nerves are connected directly or indirectly
Brain
Lobes of the Brain
Cerebrum - largest part; wrinkled and folded; controls thought processes and
memory
Cerebellum - coordination center; at the back of the brain
Medulla oblongata
- controls involuntary activities of the body
(heart beat, breathing, body temp.,
digestion)
Endocrine System
Function - glands that secrete hormones (chemical control)
Hormones - chemicals that are sent to specific areas of the body; have a specific
response
Glands - produce hormones
Pituitary Gland
base of brain
controls other glands
growth and reproduction
Hypothalamus
lower front of brain
controls body temp., hunger, sleep and digestion
Adrenal glands
on top of kidneys
adrenaline -- fight or flight
Thyroid gland
on front of trachea
thyroxin
controls metabolism
Pancreas
secretes insulin and glucagon
regulates sugar in the body
Testes/Ovaries
produce sex hormones
Excretory System
Function
Remove waste products from the body
Structures
Kidneys - filter blood and remove water, salts, and ammonia
Bladder - store wastes from the kidneys before release
Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O
Skin - removes H2O and salts
Reproductive Systems
Major Organs of the Reproductive System
Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and
hormones are produced.
Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and
TESTOSTERONE.
Sex Cells
Contain HALF the normal number of chromosomes
Female Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE)
Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM
Semen - the fluid that carries sperm
Reproductive Terms
Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization.
EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development.
PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetus
Fertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM nuclei
Reproductive Terms
CONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization
Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the female.
Gestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she
gives BIRTH
Female Reproductive Organs Structure
Female Reproductive Organs Function
Vulva -opening of reproductive tract
Vagina - channel for birth and copulation
Cervix - divides vagina and uterus
Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus
Horns of Uterus - where fetus grows
Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs
Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones
Male Reproductive Organs Structure
Male Reproductive Organs Function
Testes - produce sperm and testosterone
Epididymis - collects and stores sperm
Vas deferens - transports sperm
Ampulla - temporary storage
Penis - places sperm in female
Urethra - transports urine
Male Reproductive Organs Function
Cowper's Gland - produces semen
Prostrate Gland - produces semen
Seminal Vesicle - produces semen
Retractor Penis Muscle Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp
Sheath - opening of reproductive tract
Spermatic cord - supports testes
Reproductive Technologies
Reproductive Technology
Any method of REPRODUCTION that is different from NATURAL methods
Artificial Insemination
Placing SPERM into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural
mating.
EMBRYO transfers
The transfer of FERTILIZED egg(s) from a DONOR female to one or more
RECIPIENT females
Cloning
The production of an exact GENETIC COPY of an organism