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Name: _________________________________ Period: __________ Date: ________ Animal systems review for the exam. Animals as an organism 1. Animals are composed of a variety of _______________ systems 2. No one system can _____________ entirely on its own Skeletal System Function - provides frame and __________ for all other systems and organs Types of Bone _______ Bones -- longest; provide support and movement; levers; example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones _______ Bones -smaller than long; joints; comfort and mobility example -- feet and hands _______ Bones -- have an irregular shape; support and protect example -- vertebrae ________Bones -- thin and flat; protect organs example -- skull Muscular System Function-- to move the animal about, to provide ____________ for the proper functioning of the organs. Skeletal Muscle Movement for the bones of the skeleton and other voluntary movement; composed of long, striated bundles that contract and relax. Cardiac Muscle Movement -- muscles that control the heart; striated and arranged in bands; involuntary; amazing Digestive System Function-- Supplies energy by converting ingested food into usable forms Conversion-- breaking food down into components that can be absorbed. Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the blood and ultimately into the cells Monogastric System -- Simple stomach Examples of animals-- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans Modified Monogastric System Examples of Animals --horses and rabbits Differences from simple monogastric -- enlarged __________ containing many microorganisms so that _________ can be broken down and used. Ruminant Digestive System Examples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk Differences from Simple monogastric Rumen -- storage vat; food is soaked, mixed and fermented ( lots of microorganisms). Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are removed, sorts feed for regurgitation (“cud”) Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some water Abomasum -- “true stomach”; break down like non-ruminant stomach Circulatory System Function -- transports food, nutrients, water, oxygen and wastes throughout the body; regulates temperature; removes disease. Heart -- center of the circulatory system; large muscle that pumps continuously Four chambers Atria -- receives blood into heart; right from venacava, left from lungs Ventricles -- pumps blood out into arteries; right to lungs; left to aorta Blood Vessels Arteries -- vessels that take blood from the heart Veins -- vessels that return blood to the heart Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins; deliver nutrients to the cells and take away wastes Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells Blood Components Red Blood cells -- give blood color; carry oxygen White Blood cells -- destroy disease; pus Platelets -- fragments of cells; aid in clotting Respiratory System Function Takes oxygen from the air and places it in the bloodstream for distribution to the cells of the animal’s body. Removes carbon dioxide Structures Nostrils -- large amounts of air, open into nasal cavity Mouth -- brings in air Pharynx -- nasal cavity leads here; common passageway for food, water, and air; controlled by epiglottis Structures Larynx -- voice box (Adam’s apple); prevents material from entering lungs. Trachea -- large tube; made of rigid cartilaginous rings; branch into bronchi Bronchi -- branch out further Structures Alveoli -- surrounded by blood vessels; carbon dioxide is removed from blood, and oxygen is absorbed Diaphragm -- large muscle under the lungs; when contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in; when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out Respiratory System Types Lungs Gills Nervous System Function The central system that controls all movements and processes of the body Impulse Movement -- sends information through a system of nerves electric impulses Structures Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct impulses from the brain to the body Sensory Neurons - send impulses from the body to the brain Spinal Cord - all nerves are connected directly or indirectly Brain Lobes of the Brain Cerebrum - largest part; wrinkled and folded; controls thought processes and memory Cerebellum - coordination center; at the back of the brain Medulla oblongata - controls involuntary activities of the body (heart beat, breathing, body temp., digestion) Endocrine System Function - glands that secrete hormones (chemical control) Hormones - chemicals that are sent to specific areas of the body; have a specific response Glands - produce hormones Pituitary Gland base of brain controls other glands growth and reproduction Hypothalamus lower front of brain controls body temp., hunger, sleep and digestion Adrenal glands on top of kidneys adrenaline -- fight or flight Thyroid gland on front of trachea thyroxin controls metabolism Pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon regulates sugar in the body Testes/Ovaries produce sex hormones Excretory System Function Remove waste products from the body Structures Kidneys - filter blood and remove water, salts, and ammonia Bladder - store wastes from the kidneys before release Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O Skin - removes H2O and salts Reproductive Systems Major Organs of the Reproductive System Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and hormones are produced. Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE. Sex Cells Contain HALF the normal number of chromosomes Female Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE) Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM Semen - the fluid that carries sperm Reproductive Terms Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization. EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development. PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetus Fertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM nuclei Reproductive Terms CONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the female. Gestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she gives BIRTH Female Reproductive Organs Structure Female Reproductive Organs Function Vulva -opening of reproductive tract Vagina - channel for birth and copulation Cervix - divides vagina and uterus Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus Horns of Uterus - where fetus grows Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones Male Reproductive Organs Structure Male Reproductive Organs Function Testes - produce sperm and testosterone Epididymis - collects and stores sperm Vas deferens - transports sperm Ampulla - temporary storage Penis - places sperm in female Urethra - transports urine Male Reproductive Organs Function Cowper's Gland - produces semen Prostrate Gland - produces semen Seminal Vesicle - produces semen Retractor Penis Muscle Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp Sheath - opening of reproductive tract Spermatic cord - supports testes Reproductive Technologies Reproductive Technology Any method of REPRODUCTION that is different from NATURAL methods Artificial Insemination Placing SPERM into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural mating. EMBRYO transfers The transfer of FERTILIZED egg(s) from a DONOR female to one or more RECIPIENT females Cloning The production of an exact GENETIC COPY of an organism