Download Final Review

Physics
Name: __________________________
Date: _____________ Period: _______
General Physics
(Final Review)
MATTER & THERMODYNAMICS
1. What are the four tenants of Dalton’s Atomic Theory?
2. List the four fundamental forces at work in the universe. Number them from strongest and weakest (1 =
strongest, 4 = weakest).
3. Draw the square from the period table for Iron. Then use it to determine the number of protons,
neutrons, and electron. Finally, draw a Bohr Models of the atom.
p+ =
n0 =
e- =
4. Compare and contrast an atom with a molecule, compound, and
element.
5. State the lowest possible temperature in Celsius, Fahrenheit and in Kelvins.
6. Body temperature is 98.6 °F. What is the temperature in °C? In Kelvin?
7. What is the Kinetic Molecular Theory? Explain how this relates to temperature and intermolecular
forces.
8. What is the relationship between heat added to a system, change in its internal energy, and external
work done by the system? (HINT: First law of thermodynamics)
9. List the three primary states of matter and describe their shape and volume.
10. A little aluminum boat (mass of 18.50 g) has a volume of 550.00 cm3. The boat is place in a small pool
of water and carefully filled with pennies. If each penny has a mass of 2.50 g, how many pennies can be
added to the boat before it sinks? (HINT: density of water = 1g /cm3)
11. What are the three laws of thermodynamics?
12. A gas occupies 1.56 L at 1.00 atm. What will be the volume of this gas if the pressure becomes 3.00
atm?
13. This question is about the change of phase (state) of ice. A quantity of crushed ice is removed from a
freezer and placed in a calorimeter. Thermal energy is supplied to the ice at a constant rate. To ensure
that all the ice is at the same temperature, it is continually stirred. The temperature of the contents of the
calorimeter is recorded every 15 seconds.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the temperature θ of the contents of the calorimeter.
a. On the graph above, mark with an X, the data point on the graph at which all the ice has just
melted.
b. Explain, with reference to the energy of the molecules, the constant temperature region of the
graph.
c. The mass of the ice is 0.25 kg and the heat applied to the system is 7848 J. Use information
from the graph to determine the specific heat capacity of ice. (HINT: Use t=0 to t=25)
d. State what property of the molecules of the ice is measured by a change in entropy.
e. State, in terms of entropy change, the second law of thermodynamics.
f. State what happens to the entropy of water as it freezes. Outline how this change in entropy is
consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.
14. A 250 W microwave runs for 1 minute on a coffee cup containing 150 g of water. If the water is at 20
°C when it is placed in the microwave, how hot is it when it comes out? (Pretend that all the
microwave oven’s energy is transferred to the water. Ignore the cup or anything else in the
microwave.)
15. When a chicken develops inside an egg, the entropy of the egg and its contents decreases. Explain how
this observation is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.
16. How does the second law of thermodynamics relate to the direction of heat flow? Keeping this in mind
is the universe moving to a more ordered or to a more disordered state?
17. Explain how well conduction works in space and why.
18. Summarize the meaning of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle and explain why it has been applied
across so many different fields and areas of interest.
19. Explain the idea of emergence and how it can be used to simulate complex systems.
WAVES
20. Compare and contrast linear motion with harmonic motion.
21. What is the relationship between period and frequency in a wave?
22. The spin rate of a CD-ROM varies according to the location on the disc from where data is being
accessed. When accessing data from the inner circles of the disc, the CD can spin at a rate as high as
400 revolutions per minute. Determine the frequency (in Hertz) and the period (in seconds) of the
spinning CD.
23. What is natural frequency and how does this relate to periodic force and resonance?
24. Draw a sine wave and label a crest, trough, amplitude, and wavelength.
25. What is the difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves?
26. Compare and contrast longitudinal and transverse waves.
27. What is sound and how does it change with respect to amplitude and frequency?
28. Carina is rocking out to her favorite radio station - 102.3 FM. The station broadcasts radio signals with
a frequency of 1.023 x 108 Hz. The radio wave signal travel through the air at a speed of 2.997 x 108
m/s. Determine the wavelength of these radio waves.
29. What is the Doppler effect? How does this relate to the frequency of a sound wave?
30. At an airshow the Blue Angels were performing stunts and clocked at 1.18 Mach. This is what speed?
(HINT: Assume the speed of sound is 300 m/s)
31. What is an echo? How is this used in echolocation and how does this relate to sonar?
32. What are opaque, transparent, and translucent and how do they relate to light?
33. From longest to shortest wavelength, list the colors of the rainbow found within white light.
34. Organize the following electromagnetic waves by wavelength from shortest to longest. Identify which
end has higher and lower energy.
gamma-rays, infrared, microwaves, radio, ultraviolet, visible light, and x-rays
35. Explain what color is and how we see it.
36. How does a color filter work?
37. Compare and contrast additive and subtractive color. What are the primary colors for each?
38. When light interacts with matter, what four things can happen?
39. Compare and contrast reflection and refraction.
40. What is the law of reflection?
41. What is the difference between a real and a virtual image?
42. Draw a concave and a convex mirror. Explain what happens with each. Give an example of how we
use each.
43. Complete the following ray diagrams for mirrors. List the characteristics for each image (HINT: SALT
– Size, Attitude (upright/inverted), Location, Type).
a.
b.
c.
d.
44. Draw a concave and a convex lens. Explain what each does to light rays.
45. Complete the following ray diagrams for lenses. List the characteristics for each image (HINT: SALT
– Size, Attitude (upright/inverted), Location, Type).
a.
b.
c.
46. Look at the picture below and answer the following questions.
The figure above shows a [concave / convex] lens and it [converges / diverges] light rays.
47. What is the index of refraction for an unknown material if the speed of light is 1.50 x 108 within the
material?
48. A ray of light in air strikes a block of quartz at an angle of incidence of 30°. The angle of refraction is
20°. What is the index of refraction of the quartz?
49. What is the angle of incidence for a light ray traveling from water into flint glass (n=1.70), if the angle
of refraction is 30°?
50. The light beam shown in the figure makes an angle of 20.0° with
the normal line NN’ in the linseed oil. Determine the angles θ
and θ’. (The index of refraction of linseed oil is 1.48.)
51. Explain what happens in a prism and how this relates to a rainbow.
52. What does the double slit experiment teach us? Explain how the experiment works.
53. Compare and contrast constructive and destructive interference?
54. What is polarization? Compare vertical versus horizontal polarization.
55. What is a laser? It is identified as monochromatic, coherent, and collimated. What does this mean?
ELECTRICITY
56. In our unit on matter and thermodynamics we talked about the relationship between the system and the
surroundings. How does that relate to electricity?
57. What force is exhibited between these charge pairs?
a. + and –
b. + and +
c. – and –
58. Compare and contrast a conductor with an insulator.
59. ___________________ is what carries energy in a circuit. This is often illustrated in an analogy with
water. Explain why this is not a perfect example.
60. Describe the relationship between voltage, current, and work.
61. Compare and contrast Alternating with Direct Current.
62. Explain how electron affinity relates to static electricity and the triboelectric series.
63. What are the three modes of creating static charge and how does each work?
64. Two small equal sized and massed pith balls are 3 cm apart in air and carry charges of +3 x 10-9 and –
12 x 10-9 C respectively. Compute the force of attraction. If the balls are touched and then separated
by a distance of 3 cm, what will be the force between them?
65. Explain what an electric field is and how electric field lines work.
66. Complete the following diagrams with field lines.
67. What is the electric field strength at a distance of 10 cm from a charge of 2 μC?
68. Compare and contrast a cathode and an anode. How are the two related to current and flow of
electrons?
69. An electric heater draws 3.5 A from a 110 V source. What is the resistance of the heating element?
70. Approximately how many milliamperes of current flow through a circuit with a 50 V source and 5
kΩ of resistance?
71. What are the benefits of using alternating current instead of direct current?
72. What is the standard frequency of the current in AC current in the United States? The standard home
voltage?
73. Compare and contrast conductors, resistors, and superconductors.
74. In an electrical shock, _________________ is the cause _________________ does the damage.
Provide the number of amps that allow you to feel the current, stop you from letting go of the source,
and stop the heart.
75. A Retina iPad mini charger draws 2.1 A from a 5-V socket, how much power does it require? How
much does it cost to charge the iPad if it takes about 3.5 hours for a single charge if the utility company
charges 8¢ per kWhr?
76. What difference will it make if the switch is located in either of
these two alternate locations in the circuit?
What if we switched the orientation of the battery? Are the results
the same or different?
77. Compare and contrast a series versus a parallel circuit. Explain what will happen in each if a light bulb
is missing or broken in the circuit. Why?
78. Complete the following table for the values in this circuit.
100 Ω
200 Ω
150 Ω
V
I
R
P
R1
R2
R3
100 Ω
150 Ω
200 Ω
Total
79. Draw a circuit diagram for a single circuit with the following conditions:
a. the circuit has two branches
b. the circuit has a light bulb and a resistor (1) in series and in parallel to resistor (2) and speaker.
c. a voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across resistor (2)
MAGNETISM
80. At an atomic level, what makes a material magnetic? (Include magnetic domains)
81. What force is exhibited between these magnetic poles?
a. N and S
b. N and N
c. S and S
82. In what ways are electricity and magnetism the same? How are they different?
83. Is it possible to isolate a north or south pole on a magnet like you did with a positive or negative
charge? Explain why.
84. Explain what a magnetic field is and how magnetic field lines work.
85. Compare and contrast a magnetic field with an electric field.
86. Draw the magnetic field for the following source magnet.
87. Using the right hand rule show the magnetic field for the following circuit.
88. Compare and contrast a solenoid with an electromagnet. Why do we use electromagnets and not
solenoids?
89. In the following solenoid, determine the north and south poles.
Current Flow
90. Are electromagnets permanent or temporary magnets? How do you know?
91. What are the advantages of electromagnets versus fixed magnets?
92. We identified three major factors that impact the strengths of an electromagnet’s magnetic field. What
are they and how does each affect the electromagnet’s strength?
93. Explain how an electric motor works.
94. “All magnetism comes from electric currents.” Is this statement true? Explain.
95. Compare and contrast paramagnetic with diamagnetic.
96. What is ferromagnetism and how does it relate to the magnetic domains model?
97. Compare and contrast hard and soft magnets.
98. What is the relationship between temperature and magnetism? Why is this true? (HINT: Think about
kinetic molecular theory)
99. What is electromagnetic induction?
100. By moving a magnet near a wire, you can create an ______________________________.
Conversely by running current in a wire, you can create a ______________________________.
101. Explain how a simple generator uses electromagnetic induction. Give an example of how we can
use this concept to create electricity in a usable way. What type of current is produced?
102.
AC technology depends heavily on transformers. Explain what a transformer is and draw an
example.
103. On the previous page you drew a transformer. Was this a step up or a step down transformer?
Explain each in your answer and when the two types are used.
104.
Calculate the load current and load voltage in this transformer circuit:
250
120
2000
105.
What is Faraday’s Law of Induction? What does it suggest?
106.
Explain how a speaker works using our knowledge from the whole year.