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Academic Team Fast Facts Science Vol. 1 What Every GREAT Quick Recall Player Should Know! Aviation........... Orville and Wilbur Wright Genetics (pea plants) .......... Gregor Mendel Microbiology .......... Anton Von Leewonhuk Calculus .......... Wilhelm Leibnitz and Isaac Newton Anatomy ............... Andreas Vesalius Chemistry....... Anton Lavoiser Christian Science Movement.... Mary Baker Eddy Behaviorism or Operant Conditioning...... B.F. Skinner Imprinting...... Konrad Lorenz Rocket.......… Robert Goddard Psychoanalysis.......... Sigmund Freud Atomic Bomb (Manhattan Project)... J. Robert Oppenheimer Hydrogen Bomb.......... Edward Teller Phenomenology....... Edmund Husserl Biology..… Aristotle Birth control movement .... Margaret Sanger Founder of modern ethology (the study of comparative animal behavior) Konrad Lorenz Classical Conditioning (conditioned reflex)… Ivan Pavlov Experimental Psychology... Wilhelm Wundt Gestalt Psychology (Individuals) Max Wertheimer Opposed Freud and gave us alternative theory of the libido - will to live was stronger than sexual drive -- he gave us the words introverts and extroverts Carl Jung First Female Doctor Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell First Computer Programmer Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace Founded Oceanography Matthew Maury Invented Telegraph Samuel Morse 2 Founded INTEL Corporation Robert Noyce Founded MICROSOFT Bill Gates (and Paul Allen) Developed First Computer Programming Language - FLOW MATIC (later COBOL) Grace Murray Hopper Founded Modern Astronomy Nicholaus Copernicus Founded Geocentric Theory of Universe and placed the Earth at center of Universe Ptolemy Founded Heliocentric Theory of Universe and placed Sun at center of a circular Universe Nicholaus Copernicus Established correct theory for universe established 3 Laws of Planetary motion Johannes Kepler Lowest spot in the oceans (in Pacific) Mariana Trench (lowest explored part of this trench is “Challenger Deep”) Founded anthropology Johann Blumenbach Founded Stoicism - branch of philosophy that states that nature is governed by laws. Zeno of Citium Designed the preliminaries for the system developed as radar Nikola Tesla First Sociologist Emile Durkheim Largest Dam Three Gorges Dam on Yangtze River in China Built First hospital in South Africa Albert Schweitzer Printing From Moveable Type Johannes Gutenberg Founded IBM Thomas Watson German who founded modern geography Karl Ritter Highest Mountain in the World Mt. Everest (located in Tibet, Nepal) Second Highest Mountain in the World K 2 or Mt. Godwin Austen (located in Kashmir) Biggest Volcano in Antarctica (active) Mount Erebus World’s Highest continuously active volcano Mt. Cotopaxi (in Andes Mountains, Ecuador) Biggest Volcano in U S (in Cascade Mts) Mr. Rainier (in Washington) All the gases that make up the Earth Atmosphere 3 All the solid material that makes up the Earth Lithosphere All the water that makes up the Earth Hydrosphere Molten rock portion of Earth (under lithosphere) Asthenosphere First man in space (Russian on Vostok I) Yuri Gagarin First American in space (Mercury III) Alan Shepard First American on moon (Apollo XI) Neil Armstrong First American to Orbit Earth (Mercury VI) John Glenn Unit of charge or attraction Coulomb (6.25 x 106 electrons) Unit of Current Ampere Unit of Resistance Ohm Unit of Electrical Potential Volt Synthesized first Organic Compound… Freidrich Wohler (compound was urea) Experiments in Radioactivity (constructed first Nuclear Reactor and first sustained nuclear chain reaction) Enrico Fermi Father of Bacteriology & Penicillin Alexander Fleming Hall Process of making aluminum Charles Hall Founded Modern Epidemology Study of the spread of diseases John Snow Three Laws of Genetics Law of Dominance, Law of Segregation, and Law of Independent Assortment Father of MODERN Atomic Theory John Dalton (first atomic theory was Leucippus) Process of making Ammonia........ Haber Process Circulation of Blood....... William Harvey Unit of luminous intensity...... Candela Measures current....... Ammeter Measures atmospheric pressure....... Barometer Measures pressure........ Manometer Tuberculosis...... Robert Koch 4 First Nuclear Powered Airplane.... Enterprise Bessemer Process...… William Kelly and Henry Bessemer Electron microscope......... Ernst Ruska (simple was Zacharias Janseen) Double helix structure for DNA....... Francis Crick First synthesized organic compound Urea (common name is carbamide) Measures small amounts of current Galvanometer First artificial heart........ Robert Jarvik First calculation of the speed of light...... Albert Michelson and Edward Morley Electron charge (oil drop experiment).… Robert Milikan Stellar Astronomy...... Sir William Hershel Mathematical calculations of electricity... Freidrich Gauss Quantum Theory of physics...... Max Planck Measures height above sea-level........ Altimeter Measures Air Velocity..... Beaufort Scale Study of Motion......... Kinematics Most Abundant Minerals in Earth Feldspar and Quartz Study of effects of forces....... Dynamics Father of Taxonomy ...... Carolus Linnaeus Closest Star to the Sun ..... Proxima Centari Measure of disorder in a system...... Entropy Random movement of particles in a substance Brownian Motion Uses mechanical energy to produce electrical energy....... Generator Unit of Force....... Newton (1 kg m/s/s) Study of fluids in motion...... Hydrodynamics Study of fluids at rest....... Hydrostatics Unit of work or energy ....... Joule (N m) Formula for finding Work Work = force x distance 5 Measures altitudes of celestial bodies in space Sextant Device for producing coherent light....... LASER (Light Amplification of Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Energy in motion...... Kinetic Energy Energy at rest....... Potential Energy Ohm’s Law....... V=IR Unit of Pressure....... Pascal (also Torr, Atmosphere, or Bar) [760 mL of Hg in 1 Torr] Apparent change in the position of an object because of the angle viewed at… Parallax Rate of doing work...... Power Force per unit area....... Pressure Quantity of energy...... Quantum Speed of light...... 3 x 108 m/s Speed of sound in air ....... 331 m/s (in a vacuum its 341 m/s) Quality of sound....... Timbre Measures potential difference...... Voltmeter Unit of power....... Watt Reflecting Telescope..... Sir Isaac Newton (wrote Principia) Primitive Telescope..... Hans Lippershey Carbon 14 Dating.... Willard Libby Did work on Chemical Bonding Linus Pauling Colors in the Visible Light Spectrum Red, Orange, yellow, Green, Glue, Indigo, Violet (ROY G BIV) Eras of Geologic Time Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic (P P M C) Phases of Mitosis Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telephase (P M A T) State of the cell before or after Mitosis Interphase Layers of the sun Core, Corona, Photosphere, and Chromosphere (C C P C) 6 Formula for finding Kinetic Energy KE = ½m x v2 Formula for finding Potential Energy PE = m x g x h Formula for finding Power Power = work / time Layers of Earth’s Atmosphere Troposphere, Stratosphere (contains Ozone), Mesosphere, Thermosphere (contains Ionosphere), and Exosphere (T S M T E) Layers of Earth Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle, and Crust (I O M C) Scans Brain Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 4 largest moons of Jupiter Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa (GCIE) Founder of Modern Mathematics Freidrich Gauss Founder of Probability and Number Theory Pierre de Fermat Founded Statistics Jerzy Neyman Wrote Elements Euclid Founded Trigonometry Hipparchus Founded MODERN LOGIC Bertrand Russell Wrote Principia Sir Isaac Newton Invented Adding machine Blaise Pascal Invented Cotton gin Eli Whitney Rubber vulcanization C. Goodyear Sewing machine Elias Howe Invented Zipper W.L. Judson Invented Typewriter W.A. Burt Invented Braille printing Louis Braille Invented Telegraph Samuel F.B. Morse Invented Morse code Samuel F. B. Morse Invented the Blueprint John Herschel Invented the Facsimile (FAX) machine Alexander Bain Invented the telephone Alexander G. Bell 7 Invented Phonograph Thomas Edison Invented Microphone D.E. Hughes Invented Kodak camera George Eastman Invented Movie projector Thomas Edison Invented Wireless telegraphy Guglielmo Marconi Conception of television A.A.C. Swinton Xerography Chester Carlson Holography Dennis Gabon Invented Polaroid camera Edwin Land Color television Peter Carl Goldmark Videotape Charles Ginsberg Compact disc Joop Sinjou Father of Modern Geography Gerardus Mercator Invented Air conditioning W.H. Carrier Invented Voltaic cell Alessandro Volta Invented Dynamo Michael Faraday Electrolysis Michael Faraday Device that detects the presence of a charge Electroscope Dry cell Georges Leclanche Invented Arc lamp C.F. Brush Invented Incandescent lamp Thomas Edison Invented Cathode ray tube William Crookes Father of Modern Philosophy (wrote Discourse on Method and said “Cogito Ergo Sum” meaning “I Think, Therefore, I Am”) Rene Descartes Invented Transformer William Stanley Invented Photoelectric cell Julius Elster & Hans F. Geitel Invented Neon light Georges Claude Invented LASER Gordon Gould 8 Proposed first LASER Albert Einstein Invented Diode J.A. Fleming Invented Liquid-crystal display (LCD) George Heilmeier Invented Reaper Cyrus McCormick Invented Steel plow John Deere Quick-frozen food Clarence Birdseye Invented Microwave oven Percy L. Spencer Vaccination, small pox Edward Jenner Father of Antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister Discovered X-rays Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen Discovered Penicillin Alexander Fleming Electroencephalogram (EEG) Hans Berger Invented a Cardiac pacemaker A.S. Hyman Developed Polio vaccine Jonas Salk CAT scanner Godfrey Hounsfield & Allan Cormack Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Raymond Damadian Developed Jarvik-7 artificial heart Robert K. Jarvik Developed Compound microscope Zacharias Janssen Invented Thermometer Galileo Invented Barometer Evangelista Toricelli Developed Pendulum clock Christiaan Huygens Invented Reflecting telescope Isaac Newton Invented Bifocal spectacles Benjamin Franklin Developed Hygrometer J.F. Daniell Invented Gyroscope J.B.L. Foucault Developed Bathysphere Charles William Beebe Developed Cyclotron Ernest O. Lawrence Electron microscope Max Knoll 9 Developed the nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi Developed Carbon 14 dating W.F. Libby Developed the steam engine James Watt Pioneered the hot air balloon Montgolfier Brothers Developed the steamboat John Fitch Developed the railway locomotive George Stephenson Developed the bicycle Karl D. Sauerbronn Invented the electric streetcar Thomas Davenport Invented the elevator Elisha G. Otis Developed the gas engine Etienne Lenoir Invented railway air brakes George Westinghouse Invented the internal combustion engine Siegfried Marcus Developed the gas engine Nikolaus A. Otto Invented the gasoline-powered automobile Karl Benz Invented the air-inflated rubber tire J.B. Dunlop Developed the diesel engine Rudolph Diesel Invented the airplane Wright Brothers Invented the gyrocompass Elmer A. Sperry Invented the helicopter Igor Sikorsky Developed the revolver Samuel Colt Proved mosquitoes transmit Yellow Fever Walter Reed Father of Modern Geology Charles Lyell Discovered oxygen Joseph Priestly Known for his Theory of Evolution, Natural Selection, and Survival of the Fittest Charles Darwin Blasting cap Alfred Nobel Invented the self-propelled torpedo Robert Whitehead Invented the tank E.D. Swinton Discovered radium Marie Curie 10 Invented the automatic rifle John Browning Pioneered the liquid-fuel rocket Robert H. Goddard Invented the atomic bomb J. Robert Oppenheimer Developed the hydrogen bomb Edward Teller Developed the self-powered model airplane S.P. Langley First woman to swim the English Channel Gertrude Ederle (1926) Name of the three ossicles in the ear Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), & Stapes (stirrups) The white of the eye Sclera Transparent tissue that covers the eye Cornea Colored disk that controls pupil Iris Light sensitive nerve cells in eye Retina Transmits information from eye to brain Optical Nerve The fluid-like and jelly-like liquids in eye Aqueous Humor and Vitreous Humor Receive color in retina Cones Receive light and dark in retina Rods Two types of electrical circuits Series and Parallel Invented dynamite Alfred Nobel Wrote Principia Mathematicia, Marriage and Morals, and Why Am I Not Christian? Bertrand Russell (won Nobel Prize in 1950) Part of a cell that produces ATP Mitochondria (made up of folds called cristae) Main secretion of the Pituitary Gland ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) First space probe to land on Mars Viking I Two satellites of Mars Phobos and Deimos Scientific name for pink eye Conjunctivitis Philosopher who gave us the 4 four basic elements - earth, wind, fire, and water Empedocles System that protects the body’s tissues Integumentary System (Skin) Body system regulated by internal secretions Endocrine System 11 Body system that removes liquid and solid waste Excretory System Name of the fin on the back of aquatic fish Dorsal Fin Sticky apex on flower where pollen adheres Stigma The female reproductive organ of the flower Pistil Pollen containing sac of male organs Anther Slender stalk in female part of flower Style Slender stalk in male part of flower Filament Tiny leaves of the calyx in a flower Sepals Brightly colored parts of the corolla Petals Pollen producing organ in a flower Stamen Developed “Law of Partial Pressure” John Dalton Calculated the gravitational constant in Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Henry Cavendish (6.67 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2) States that electrons are ejected from a surface when the surface is hit by light Photoelectric Effect Scientific name for a solar cell Photovoltaic Cell Means to change from liquid to solid Sublimation Rotating part of an electric motor Armature Three types of mechanical energy Kinetic, Potential, and Friction Reaction when HEAT is given off Exothermic Reaction when ENERGY is given off Exergonic Four temperature scales Celcius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, & Rankine B. T. U. stands for ........... British Thermal Unit Absolute zero is .......... -273.15 C or 0 Kelvins Formulas for converting temperatures and full name of person who invented each Celcius to Fahrenheit: F = 9/5C + 32 [Anders Celcius] Celcius to Kelvin: K = C + 273 (not degrees) [William Thompson (Lord Kelvin)] Fahrenheit to Celcius: C = 5/9(F - 32) [Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit] Fahrenheit to Rankine: R = F + 460 (not degrees) [William Rankine] 12 Type of reaction where heat is absorbed Endothermic Amount of heat absorbed during vaporization Heat of Vaporization Three primary colors of LIGHT Red, Green, and Blue Three primary colors Red, Yellow, and Blue Three secondary colors Orange, Green, and Indigo Measures amount of heat absorbed or given off Calorimeter Unit of HEAT Calorie (also Joule) Converting Calories to Joules 1 Calorie = 4.184 Joules Amount of heat needed to change a crystal to a liquid Latent Heat of Fusion States that all matter is made up of constantly moving atoms and molecules Kinetic Theory Danish physicist established connection between electricity and magnetism (electromagnetivity) Hans Christian Oersted Improved conditions in mental institutions Dorothea Dix Laws restricting unfair or monopolistic businesses Antitrust Laws A group of companies that cooperate to monopolize a market (against the law only in United States) Cartel Ratio of work output to work input Efficiency Name of the beginning and end of small intestines Duodenum and Ileum Largest lake in South America Lake Titicaca Process where a sugar is broken down for energy Glycolysis Provides energy for making ATP Kreb’s Cycle Number of points in a caret 100 Beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium (Group IIa) Alkaline Earth Metals 13 Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium (Group Ia) Alkali Metals Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine (Group VIIa) Halogens Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon (Group VIII a) Inert Gases or Noble Gases Two rows at bottom of periodic table Lanthanide and Actinide Series Two main types of waves Transverse and Longitudinal Flattened sacs that deliver needed substances to eukaryotic cells Golgi Bodies (complex or structure) Two main parts of mitochondria Cristae and Matrix Highest mountain on Venus Maxwell Montes Collective name of 4 largest planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) Jovian Planets Nickname of Jupiter’s four largest moons Galilean Satellites Jupiter’s Largest Cyclonic Storm System Great Red Spot Archeologist that discovered Troy Heinrich Schliemann Any vibrating source is called a ......... Oscillator Founded Polaroid Edwin Land Performed FIRST heart transplant Christiaan Barnard First to discover and use X Rays Wilhelm Roentgen P. E. T stands for ......... Positron Emission Tomography Highest waterfall in the world (in Venezula) Angel Falls (then Tugela) Where fresh water meets salt water Estuaries Reaction where a nucleus splits into two nuclei Fission Reaction where two nuclei combine to make one Fusion Lustrous, hard coal Anthracite Large igneous rocks at the base of mountains Batholith Plentiful, soft coal containing water and gases Bituminous 14 Name for a variable resistor Rheostat or Potentiometer Three primary pigments Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow Products of glycolysis Pyruvate and ATP Group Via on the periodic table Chalcogens Sediment made up of broken pieces of rock Clastic Sediment A wide crack or opening in a glacier Crevasse The equatorial belt of calm winds Doldrums A sharp break in the earth’s crust Fault Rock fragments deposited beneath a glacier Till Permanent low-level easterly winds in low altitudes Trade Winds States that as pressure increases the speed of a fluid in a pipe will increase also Bernoulli’s Principle States that HEAT flows from hot to cold, but never cold to hot Second Law of Thermodynamics Ratio of FORCE exerted to FORCE applied Mechanical Advantage Point at which the entire weight of an object is considered to be concentrated Center of Gravity THREE methods of HEAT transfer Conduction, Convection, and Radiation States that the energy of a system can be changed by the transfer of heat First Law of Thermodynamics Six simple machines Wheel-&-Axle, Lever, Pulley, Screw, Wedge, and Inclined Plane States that at absolute zero the entropy in a system is zero Third Law of Thermodynamics Science involved with temperatures below 150 K Cryogenics The time necessary for a sound to die away Reverbation Time Relates temperature and volume (constant pressure) (TV) Charles’s Law (Jacques Charles) Electric charges at rest Static Electricity Two methods of transferring charge Conduction and Induction Discovered Third Law of Thermodynamics Walther Nernst 15 States that ions “fall apart” in water Nernst-Thomson Rule French chemist who actually formulated Charles’s Law Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac American inventor who patented his version of the telephone only hours after A.G. Bell patented his; the court finally decided that Bell was the inventor Elisha Gray Englishman who competed with Edison for the invention of the incandescent lamp Sir Joseph Swan First published in London in 1858; contained drawings by Dr. Henry Vandyke Carter Gray’s Anatomy Changes voltage of alternating current Transformer Negatively charged atom Anion Positively charged electrode (attracts -) Anode Positively charged atom Cation Negatively charged electrode (attracts +) Cathode Has particles suspended or dispersed in a substance Colloid Any ingredient that suppresses acidity Buffer Electromagnetic radiation with short wavelength Gamma Ray Amount of HEAT given off or absorbed when one mole of a compound is formed Heat of Formation Amount of HEAT released in a reaction Heat of Combustion Radioactive nucleus of a helium atom (2+ charge) Alpha Particle Electron emitted during radioactive decay (1- ) Beta Particle Smallest unit of electromagnetic radiation Photon Spontaneous nuclear process that transforms some unstable radioactive atomic nuclei into others through electron emission, positron emission, or electron capture Beta Decay Time required for a radioactive isotope to decay to one-half its original mass Half-Life 16 Neutral subatomic particle first postulated by Wolfgang Pauli as the elusive, invisible culprit in radioactive beta decay Neutrino Class of fundamental particles that includes electrons, neutrinos, muons, and their antiparticles Lepton Form of matter in which each of the particles that compose ordinary matter (proton, neutron, and electron) is replaced by its antiparticle (antiproton, antineutron, and positron) Antimatter Effect in which the gamma radiation is scattered away with reduced energy and the electron is ejected Compton Effect Planck’s constant 6.6261 x 10-34 joule-sec Theoretical object that absorbs all the energy that falls upon it; it reflects no light and appears black to the observer Blackbody Boltzmann’s constant 5.67 x 10-5 erg/sec (cm2) degrees4 Subatomic particle held responsible for “gluing” or binding together the quark constituents of protons and neutrons Gluon Class of fundamental particles that take part in all four of the fundamental interactions: the strong, electromagnetic, weak, and gravitational interactions Hadrons Subatomic fundamental particle of the hadron class Meson Consists of ice crystals that form by direct sublimation from water vapor when moist air has cooled to a saturation (dew) point below freezing Hoarfrost Frozen water at a stage intermediate between snow and glacier ice Firn (also called Neve) High, wispy cirrus clouds that spread out in fibrous strands resembling a horse’s tail; they are composed of ice crystals Mare’s Tail Clouds Deep, broad-based massive black clouds that produce rain and thunder Cumulonimbus Clouds Puffy clouds composed of water droplets Cumulus Clouds Electric current radiating from some crystals Piezoelectricity 17 Law that relates to lift on a plane’s wing Bernoulli’s Principle The gaining of electrons in a reaction Reduction The loss of electrons in a reaction Oxidation States that it is impossible to measure both speed and position of a subatomic particle Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Pioneered the idea of electrolysis Michael Faraday Relates pressure and volume (constant temperature) (PV) Boyle’s Law (Robert Boyle) Discovered hydrogen in 1781 Henry Cavendish Worked with sugars, proteins, and purines Emil Fischer Tiny finger-like projections in small intestines Villi Smallest unit of computer memory Bit (8 bits is a byte) States that if equilibrium is changed the system will shift in a direction to regain equilibrium Le Chatelier’s Principle Discovered noble gases William Ramsay Law that deals with refraction of light Snell’s Law Amount a light ray bends from one medium to next Index of Refraction (or Refractive Index) Law related to diffusion of gases Graham’s Law Icy cloud beyond Pluto (home of many comets) Oort Cloud Discovered treatment for rickets Alfred Hess Most often used IQ test Stanford Bennett Test Graph showing middle 50% and extremes Box-n-Whisker Graph Starting material that eventually forms coal Peat Name for psychiatric inkblot tests Rorschach Tests Process used by bacteria to reproduce asexually Binary Fission Process in which sex cells divide and produce gametes or spores Meiosis Disease in which the red blood cells stiffen Sickle Cell Anemia 18 Greek physician pioneered in the study of anatomy Galen Microscopic food of most fish Plankton Measures intensity of earthquakes Richter Scale Measures destruction caused by earthquakes Mercalli Scale Sumerian writing using wedge shaped symbols Cuneiform Rapid escape of gas from a liquid Effervescence Small pores on green plants Stomata Defined as a substance that can accept electrons Lewis Acid Defined as a substance that can donate electrons Lewis Base Point of even distribution in diffusion Equilibrium Developed “Black Box” concept B.F. Skinner Tiny openings in the bark of a plant Lenticels He did experiments on flies and disproved the theory of “Spontaneous Generation” Francisco Redi Second hardest mineral on Moh’s Scale Corundum Group name of flowering plants Angiosperms Largest phylum in animal kingdom Arthropoda Swept over Europe and killed more than 1/3 of the population in the 1350’s Black Death Father of Modern Scientific Method Aristotle Invented the gyroscope Bernard Foucault Stationary rotating device Gyroscope Used on ships for navigation Gyrocompass Invented gyrocompass Elmer Sperry Measures relative humidity, or moisture content of the air Hygrometer (psychrometer is one type) CH3COCOOH; formed by glycolysis Pyruvic Acid 19 British bacteriologist that established the connection between the mosquito and malaria, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1902 Sir Ronald Ross One of the 4 great athletic and artistic festivals of ancient Greece; held at Delphi every 4 years, halfway between the Olympic Games; the games were dedicated to Apollo Pythian Games Law related to springs and compression Hooke’s Law Two laws that hold true at constant pressure Charles Law and Avagadro’s Law Type of colloid where a solid or liquid is dispersed in a gas; examples include cigarette smoke or lysol Aerosol Type of colloid where one liquid is dispersed in another liquid (a good example is mayonnaise) Emulsion Type of colloid where a solid is dispersed or suspended in a liquid (a good example is paint) Sol Cells that open and close the stomata of leaves Guard Cells Device built by Charles Beebe to explore the depths of the ocean (2 ton steel ball) Bathysphere First particle accelerators used to produce nuclear energy (built by Ernest Lawrence) Cyclotron Geometry of the circle Thales of Miletus Relations between sides of right-angled triangle Pythagoras of Samos (or Pythagoras of Crotona) “Father of Medicine” Hippocrates of Cos Planetary motion theory Eudoxus of Cnidus First tried to classify plants and animals Aristotle Geometry systematized Euclid Size of Earth and climate Eratosthenes Area of circle; principles of lever, screw, and buoyancy Archimedes Astronomer who introduced the geocentric theory Ptolemy 20 Studied conic sections (geometry); introduced the terms ellipse, hyperbola, and parabola Apollonius of Perga Discovered that arteries carry blood; studied action of muscles, nerves Claudius Galen Father of algebra Diophantus Mother of Algebra Hypatia Ancient device used to calculate logarithms Slide Rule Developed the slide rule William Outhred Developed lenses Roger Bacon Printing from moveable type Johann Gutenberg Founded modern surgery Ambroise Pare Anatomy by dissection Andreas Vesalius Pendulum, astronomical telescope, principles of astronomy, inertia, acceleration of gravity, free falling bodies, and statics Galileo Galilei Compound microscope Zacharias Janssen Earth’s magnetism William Gilbert Scientific method of experimentation, inductive method Francis Bacon Invented Telescope Hans Lippershey Logarithms John Napier Blood circulation- human physiology William Harvey Analytic geometry Rene Descartes Probability theory Blaise Pascal Structure of atoms Pierre de Fermat Invented Air Pump Otto von Guericke Static Electricity Otto von Guericke Speed of light Olaus Roemer Wave theory of light Christian Huygens Experience held basis of human thinking John Locke 21 English inventor of an atmospheric steam engine for pumping floodwater from the bottom of coal mines Thomas Newcomen Defect of vision in which distant objects can be seen better than close objects; corrected by use of convex lenses in glasses Farsightedness Scientific name for farsightedness Hyperopia Error of refraction in the eye that causes objects more than a short distance away to appear blurred; corrected by concave lenses in glasses Nearsightedness Scientific name of nearsightedness Myopia Inflammation of muscle tissue, usually skeletal muscle, caused by restricted blood supply Myositis Deficiency of oxygen in body tissues; commonly called altitude sickness Hypoxia Inflammation of the breast occurring in many forms and having many causes such as infection, injury, or mammary-gland disease Mastitis Hallucination of spinning, either of oneself or of one’s environment, that may be experienced as a sensation of imminent loss of consciousness or as lightheadedness Vertigo Medical term for a grouping of symptoms that include severe fatigue, weakness, fever, sore throat, confusion, and a reduced ability to concentrate; commonly called CFS; once known as the “yuppie-flu” Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Parasitic disease caused by the roundworm Trichinella Spiralis that usually results from eating infected pork products that are raw or uncooked Trichinosis Infectious and often fatal disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus Anthracis; occurs in humans but is more common in cattle, goats, horses, and sheep; results from handling infected animal hides Anthrax Developed a vaccine for anthrax Louis Pasteur Term given to swelling caused by excessive accumulation of fluid in body tissues and cavities Edema (also called Dropsy or Hydrops) 22 Known for conic sections (geometry) Apollonius of Perga Developed the steam engine James Watt Modern classification of plants and animals Carolus Linneas Study of the classification of plants and animals Taxonomy Discovered Oxygen Joseph Priestley and Karl W. Scheele Developed smallpox vaccination Edward Jenner Invented electric battery Alessandro Volta Discovered waves in light Thomas Young Formulated theory of molecules Amedeo Avogadro Discovered electromagnetic current and laws of electrolysis Michael Faraday Dentist who first used ether anesthesia W.T.G. Morton Theorized that work, energy and electrical/mechanical equivalents of heat James Prescott Joule Discovered the planet Neptune U.J.J. Le Verrier Discovered the planet Neptune Johann G. Galle Spectroscopy- composition of the sun Robert Bunsen Formulated mathematical theory of electromagnetism James Clark Maxwell Founded science of bacteriology Robert Koch Calculated speed of light Albert Michelson and Edward W. Morley Experimentally verified Einstein’s photoelectric effect; also worked with radio waves Heinrich Hertz Detected Radioactive rays Antoine Becquerel Discovered the Electron J.J. Thomson Proved that malaria was carried by mosquitos Ronald Ross Theorized quantization of energy Max Planck Theorized evolution by mutation Hugo de Vries Developed Intelligence tests Alfred Binet 23 Theorized space-time relativity and massenergy equivalence Albert Einstein Worked with genes in fruit flies Thomas H. Morgan Developed theory of atomic nucleus Ernest Rutherford Developed theory of hydrogen atom Niels Bohr Behaviorist theory of psychology John B. Watson Worked with insulin for diabetes Frederick G. Banting Structure of matter Werner Heisenberg Discovered the neutron James Chadwick Heavy hydrogen discovered - deuterium and tritium Harold C. Urey Discovered man-made isotopes Enrico Fermi Fusion of Uranium Otto Hahn Substance that forms a geological structure called a dike Lava First twenty elements on the periodic table Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, Boron, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Neon, Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Silicon, Phosphorous, Sulfur, Chlorine, Argon, Potassium, and Calcium Permits light waves to oscillate in only one direction Polarization Fluid in the small intestine that aids in digestion Pancreatic Fluid Two major divisions of biology Botany and Zoology Other name of the Egyptian cobra Asp Scientific name of aspirin Acetylsalicylic Acid Covers the trachea during swallowing Epiglottis Invented the seed drill Jethro Tull Device that measures blood pressure Sphygmomanometer Scientific name of Nutrasweet Aspartame Study of the surface of the earth Geomorphology World’s greatest brain surgeon Harvey Cushing 24 First female to walk in space (October 11, 1984) Kathyrn Sullivan Name of the first communication satellite Early Bird Pioneer in packaged frozen food Clarence Birdseye Brightest star in the heavens (excluding the sun) Sirius Common name of Sirius The Dog Star Hormones secreted by the ovary cells Estrogen and Progesterone Single largest organ in the human body Skin First creature (a dog) in space Laika Nickname of the pituitary gland The Master Gland Actual number of bytes in a kilobyte (210) 1024 bytes Slipper shaped transparent microscopic organisms Paramecium Unit used to measure the strength of a magnetic field Gauss Refers to animals that have a pouch Marsupial Two types of reasoning Deductive and Inductive Actual name of the evening star Venus Hormone secreted by the Islets of Langerhans Glucagon Organelle that dissolves cells after they die Lysosomes Region of a plant where cells continuously divide Meristem Substance used to treat malaria Quinine Tree that quinine comes from Cinchona Tree Freezing point of mercury -38 degrees Fahrenheit Largest and most important flatfish Halibut First two recipients of the artificial heart (Jarvik 7) Murray Haydon and William Schroader Powerful drug that comes from purple foxglove Digitalis 25 Invented holography in 1971 Dennis Gabor Transports urine to the outside of the body Urethra Irishman that created the modern theory of chemical elements Robert Boyle Italian anatomist who pioneered in electrophysiology Luigi Galvani Makes up acid rain on East Coast of USA Sulfuric Acid Makes up acid rain on West Coast of USA Nitric Acid Preservative used on most biological specimens Formaldehyde Name of the shaft of long bones Diaphysis States that equal volumes of gases at the same pressure and temperature contain an equal number of molecules (Vn) Avogadro’s Law Substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water Electrolyte Eye disease caused when the eye’s aqueous fluid cannot drain into blood vessels outside the eye Glaucoma Two parts of the stamen Anther and Stalk Heavy oily liquid used to preserve utility poles Creosote Invented aqualung Jacques Cousteau Chamber containing supersaturated vapor through which ionizing radiation leaves a trail of visible droplets Wilson Cloud Chamber Liquids that are easily vaporized Volatile Product of force and a lever arm Torque Semiconductor that controls currents by changing voltage Transistor Quality of sound Timbre Nuclear change from one element to another Transmutation Force opposing the start of motion Static Friction Inability of a spherical mirror to focus rays Aberration 26 Flash of light emitted when a substance is struck by radiation Scintillation Used to find the direction of a magnetic field Right Hand Rule Device used to limit the flow of electricity Resistor Study of light Optics Electromagnetic waves that carry energy Radiation Study of the properties of matter using wave properties Quantum Mechanics Energy due to the position of an object in space Gravitational Potential Energy Law relating energy of a photon to its frequency Planck’s Law Value of the constant in Planck’s Law (h) 6.626 x 10-34 J/hz Rate of doing work Power Force exerted on a machine Effort Force Force exerted by a machine Resistant Force States that the change in kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net work done on it Work-Energy Theorem Bay in Nova Scotia, Canada where the world’s highest waves are produced by the Atlantic Ocean Bay of Fundy States that matter is made up of many tiny particles that are always in motion Kinetic-Molecular Theory Energy that flows as a result of temperature differences Heat Symbol for heat in science Q SI unit for HEAT Joule Study of the properties of heat and its changes Thermodynamics French engineer that developed the idea of entropy Sadi Carnot Measure of disorder in a system Entropy Name given to the splitting of spectral lines in magnetic fields Zeeman Effect (named after Pieter Zeeman) 27 Discovered radioactivity Antoine-Henri Becquerel Discovered argon and studied gas densities Lord Rayleigh States that when X rays interact with electrons the wavelength of the X rays and the Kinetic Energy of the electrons will both increase Compton Effect Discovered the wave nature of electrons Louis de Broglie Discovered the neutron James Chadwick Discovered cosmic rays Victor Hess Discovered the Pauli Exclusion Principle Wolfgang Pauli Device used to study elementary particles Bubble Chamber Invented the bubble chamber Donald Glaser Discovered pulsars Anthony Hewish Invented the electron microscope Ernest Ruska Converts chemical to electrical energy Battery States that a change in pressure applied to a confined fluid at any point is transmitted throughout the fluid Pascal’s Principle Attractive force between particles within a substance Cohesion Attractive force between particles of different substances Adhesion The fixed pattern of the particles in a frozen solid Crystal Lattice Slow flowing liquid solids like butter and glass Amorphous Solids First American to win the Nobel Prize Albert Michelson Danish astronomer that was the first to determine that the speed of light was a constant Ole Roemer Name Isaac Newton gave to the ordered arrangement of the colors of light from violet to red Spectrum Only transverse wave that can be polarized Light Degree that a medium slows down light rays Optical Density 28 Formulated a law that gives the relationship between pressure and temperature when volume and amount are held constant. Ex: if the temperature of a container increases, the pressure increases (PT) Gay-Lussac Law that gives the relationship between pressure and amount when the temperature and volume are held constant; It says that the deeper you go underwater, the greater the pressure because of the larger amount of water pressing down on you (Pn) “Diver’s” Law First wrote the Ideal Gas Law in 1834 Emil Clapeyron The index of refraction of light in a vacuum 1 Separation of light into a spectrum by refraction Dispersion The ratio of the size of an image to the size of the object Magnification Mirror equation 1/f = 1/di + 1/do Two types of mirrors Convex and Concave Mirrors produce virtual, erect images that are reduced in size Convex An image that is not a real image Virtual Image Distortion of color when light passes through a lens Chromatic Aberration Makes up 70% of the eye Vitreous Humor Muscle in the eye that controls the pupil Ciliary Muscle Bending of light around the edges of a barrier Diffraction Discovered the idea of diffraction Francesco Grimaldi Developed a model that explained diffraction Christiaan Huygens Series of slits made to separate different wavelengths of light Diffraction Grating Measures wavelengths of light emitted by a light source Spectrometer Name that Ben Franklin used to describe “electricity” Electrical Fire Study of electrical charges at rest Electrostatics 29 Device used by Ben Franklin to collect his “electrical fire” Leyden Jar Symbol used to represent two repulsive forces + Symbol used to represent to attractive forces - Ghostly coloring emitted from a ship’s high mast when a lightning storm is approaching St. Elmo’s Fire Touching an object to the Earth to eliminate excess charge Grounding Ratio of charge stored to potential difference Capacitance Modern day Leyden Jar that is used to store charges Capacitor Product of potential difference and current Power Formula for calculating power P = V(I) Unit of energy used by power companies to bill customers Kilowatt Hour Non-visible forces radiating from a magnet Magnetic Field Number of magnetic field lines passing through a surface Magnetic Flux Strength of a magnetic field measured in teslas Magnetic Induction Acronym EMF stands for Electromotive Force Invented the electric generator Michael Faraday States that the induced current is opposite the magnetic field Lenz’s Law Uses two coils (a primary and a secondary) to change voltage Transformer Two types of transformers Step-Up and Step-Down Transformers Device used to measure the mass of ions Mass Spectrometer Discovered induction Michael Faraday Scottish physicist that described electricity and magnetism to give us the radio, and television James Clark Maxwell Energy carried by electromagnetic waves Electromagnetic Radiation 30 Calculated the speed of light to be 3 x 108 m/s Armand Fizeau He calculated that waves can move at the speed of light James Clark Maxwell Discrete bundles of energy that make up light Photons Name of Ernest Rutherford’s model of the atom Nuclear Model Light wavelengths emitted by an atom Emission Spectrum Together they devised the planetary model of the atom Ernest Rutherford and Neils Bohr Make up protons and neutrons Quarks Particles that bind quark together Gluons Discovered the neutrino Enrico Fermi Closeness of a measurement to the standard value Accuracy Electrical device that allows only one-way current flow Diode Absorption lines in the sun’s spectrum due to gases emitted from the sun Fraunhofer Lines Naturally occurring magnetic rocks Lodestone Materials that do not transmit light Opaque Study of matter and energy and their relationships Physics Degree of exactness of a measurement Precision Device used to accelerate particles in a circular path Synchrotron Increase in the length or volume of an object due to a temperature change Thermal Expansion Found in lungs, small sacs that are only one cell thick; they transfer oxygen rich air to the blood stream Alveoli Muscular tube located in the neck, lined with mucous membrane, that connects the nose and mouth with the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus and serves as a passageway for both air and food Pharynx 31 Thin, lid-like flap of cartilage attached to the base of the tongue of terrestrial vertebrates Epiglottis A spongy layer of tissue in the blade of a leaf Mesophyll Found throughout the plant and is living and capable of cell division at maturity; usually only primary walls are present, but these are uniformly thickened; the cells of parenchyma tissue carry out many specialized physiological functions-- for example, photosynthesis, storage, secretion, and wound healing; they also occur in the xylem and phloem tissues Parenchyma Subclass of monotremes Monotremata Any chordate animal possessing a segmented spinal column in the adult stage; in many widely accepted systems of classification, these animals are grouped into the subphylum Vertebrata, a subdivision of the phylum Chordata Vertebrate Cell structure that uses genetic instructions transported in ribonucleic acid (RNA) to link a specific sequence of amino acids into chains to form proteins Ribosome Small cellular structures, or organelles, found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (cells with a nucleus) Mitochondria Membrane-bound sac found in nucleated cells that contains digestive enzymes that break down complex molecules in the body Lysosome An extensive network of tubes that manufacture, process, and transport materials within nucleated cells Endoplasmic Reticulum Chemical process in which glucose is broken down, or catabolized, into the simpler sugar lactic acid, and energy is released Glycolysis Vast, grassy plains; steppes are found in parts of Europe, Asia, and the Americas Steppe Arctic plains encompassing most of the earth’s terrain north of the coniferous forest belt, dominated by sedge, heath, willow, moss, and lichen Tundra Perennially frozen ground Permafrost 32 One of two or more species of an atom having the same atomic number, hence having the same elements, but having different mass numbers Isotope Formulated the theory of wave mechanics, which describes the behavior of the tiny particles that make up matter in terms of waves Schrodinger Established a value of the charge on an electron Milliken Received Nobel prizes for the structure of proteins and for peace Linus Pauling Scientist noted for work with mass selection Luther Burbank This scientist was the first to accurately measure the speed of light Michelson Investigated and demonstrated the phenomenon of dispersion Isaac Newton Won Nobel Prize for describing the photoelectric effect Albert Einstein Discovered that electric current produces magnetic field Orested Worked with production of magnetic and electrical fields Maxwell Induced current by moving a wire in a magnetic field Faraday Known for astrophotography; discovery of Jupiter’s moon Amalthea; star named after him Edward Bernard Study of landform development Geomorphology Pioneer of geomorphology William Morris Davis Used trigonometry to find an accurate distance measurement to the moon Tycho Brahe Creator of the periodic table Mendeleev Proposed theory of evolution Charles Darwin Developed Laws of planetary motion Johannes Kepler Combined Law of Conservation of Mass and Law of Conservation of Energy into the Law of Conservation of Mass-Energy Albert Einstein 33 Scientist that stated that the total mass of the reacting substances is equal to the total mass of the products formed Lavoisier States that the gravitational force is directly proportional to the product of the masses and is inversely proportional to the distance squared Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation Says that no two electrons in an atom have the same set of quantum numbers Pauli Exclusion Principle Says that the net force on an object is proportional to the acceleration that object undergoes Newton’s First Law (of Motion) Says that the planets orbit the sun in elliptical paths, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse First Law of Planetary Motion Says that the total energy in a steadily flowing fluid system is a constant along the flow path; an increase in the fluid’s speed must therefore be matched by a decrease in its pressure Bernoulli’s Principle Says that the pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions and to all parts of the enclosing vessel, if pressure changes due to the weight of the fluid can be neglected Pascal’s Law Says that an object experiences a force because it is interacting with some other object Newton’s Third Law (of Motion) Called “the law of inertia” Newton’s First Law (of Motion) Says that “forces come in pairs” Newton’s Third Law (of Motion) States that equal volumes of two different gases at the same temperature and pressure have equal numbers of particles Avogadro’s Principle Reproductive organs of angiosperms Flowers Steady stream of charged particles given off by the sun that cause auroras, disruptions in communications, and power failures Solar Wind Serves as both an endocrine and exocrine gland in humans Pancreas Composed of skull, vertebrae, and thorax Axial Skeleton An organism’s location and occupation Niche 34 Says that the acceleration of a body is inversely proportional to the mass and directly proportional to the force Newton’s Second Law (of Motion) Number of minutes it takes for light from the sun to reach the Earth 8 Minutes Specific type of cells attacked by the AIDS virus T4 Cells The animal with the simplest body structure Sea Anemone The only vitamin that plays a key role in blood clotting Vitamin K Animals giving live birth Viviparous Egg laying animals Oviparous Only lobe-finned fish still in existence Coelocanth Type of enzyme contained in lysosomes Hydrolase Insect that transmits sleeping sickness Tsetse Fly Process by which spirogyra reproduce Zygospore Formation (Conjugation) 2 forms of reproduction in most algae Diploid and Haploid 2 functions of fish cerebrum Smell and Coordination Process of sex cell division Meiosis Insect that carries malaria Anopheles Mosquito Compound synthesized in mitochondrion Adensosine Triphosphate (ATP) Taxonomic class of sharks, skates, and rays Condrichthyes Country where the first jet engine was built Germany Organisms at the base of all life chains Producers Topic dealing with “Curie Point” Magnetism Hydrocarbon with only single bonds Alkane 2 basic parts of steam turbine Rotor and Stator Organic compounds formed from alcoholacid reactions Esters Remaining precipitate when an acid molecule loses a proton Conjugate Base Organelle with its own DNA Mitochondrion 35 Classification for elements exhibiting properties of both metals and nonmetals Metalloid Types of shock waves that can penetrate solids, liquids, and gases P and L Cells in plants that transport water and nutrients to roots and stems Xylem Cells in plants that transport products of photosynthesis to roots, leaves, and stems Phloem Type of elements located on the left side of the periodic table Metals 3 factors that keep population growth in check Competition, Limited Food, and Overcrowding Process of forming giant molecules from simple ones Polymerization Solute that lowers the freezing point of water the most Electrolytes Country getting the greatest percentage of electricity from nuclear power France Irritation of the stomach lining due to excessive alcohol use Gastritis Normal boiling point of ethyl alcohol 60 degrees Celcius Ocean current that would carry icebergs and sea ice Labrador Current Organ of the body that produces keratin Epidermis 2 forms in which ferns reproduce Sporophyte and Gametophyte Organelles unique to plants Plastids Bowl shaped depressions in rocks Cirques Formal name for wood alcohol Methanol Formal name for grain alcohol Ethanol Formal name for rubbing alcohol Isopropyl Formal name for antifreeze Ethylene Glycol 2 ways to categorize physical properties of elements Extensive and Intensive Phylum containing diatoms Chrysophyta 36 Symbiotic relationship between fungus and a green algae Lichen Digestive organs found in birds and earthworms Crop and Gizzard Passage of molecules from a cell Exocytosis Periods in the Mesozoic Era Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Cause of albinism A Gene Mutation Only invertebrates to be hosts to viruses Arthropods 2 drugs known to cause stomach disorders, lung damage, and hallucinations Caffeine and Cocaine Important oxide of iron Hematite Ability to produce fertilized eggs without males Parthogenesis Transport of fluids upward in plants Capillary Action Makes up 90% of blood Plasma Constellation that contains Algol Perseus Gland that determines the amount of energy the body can obtain from ingested food Thyroid Point in gas where liquification will never occur Critical Temperature Distance between two atoms in a chemical bond Bond Length 2 most common types of chemical bonds Covalent and Ionic Proposed first LASER Albert Einstein Largest order of classification Kingdom Smallest order of classification Species Process of becoming a desert Desiccation Type of clouds found at the meeting point of a warm and cold front Cirrus Clouds Causes burning in muscles after exercise Lactic Acid Theory that life comes only from preexisting life Biogenesis Substance that hardens cell walls in plants Lignin 37 Elementary particle described by charmed, beauty, and strange Quark Reduced form of a chemical formula Empirical Formula Dusty wind starting in Sahara going toward Mediterranean Sea Sirosso Non-Reduced form of a chemical formula Molecular Formula Flower with more varieties than any other (more than 30,000) Orchid Lack of oxygen reaching to body tissues Hypoxia Balancing force of a resultant vector Equilibrant Most reactive elements Halogens Makes up cell walls in plants Cellulose Spectrum in which all wavelengths of light are visible Continuous Spectrum Type of DNA used in gene splicing Recombinant DNA These were believed by Carl Sagan to one day be a possible means of intergalactic travel Black Holes Closes off the windpipe when swallowing Epiglottis Hormone produced by cerebral cortex; regulates salt and water balance in the body Aldosterone Bacteria that causes trichinosis (comes from uncooked pork) Trichinella Horizontal underground stem in plants that stores starches Rhizome Transmits between neurons Neurotransmitter Phylum of spiny skeletons and pentaradial symmetry (Sea Urchins) Echinodermata Process of cell “drinking” Pinocytosis Type of heat that cannot be picked up by a thermometer Latent Heat Energy due to position in space Gravitational Potential Energy Negative log of a hydronium ion PH Wobbling of the Earth on its axis Precession 38 Ratio of magnitude of charge between plates Capacitance Midwestern fault expected to cause a large earthquake in the future New Madrid Fault Numerical value of Horsepower 108,900 meters/lbs/min Scientist that discovered the rings of Saturn Galileo Galilei Debris formed when rocks/ice shatter Scree Claw of an eagle Talon Three elements used in coinage Gold, Silver, and Platinum Source of the drug digitalis Foxglove Obscuring of one celestial body by another Eclipse Scientist who invented dry cleaning by spilling parifin on a tablecloth Jolly Parasitic plant found on apple trees Mistletoe Scientist that built an observatory and worked with Mars Percival Lowell Number of earths that would fit in the sun 1,000,000 Invented the vacuum cleaner in the 1900’s Spangler Amount of energy in body that is used by the brain 20% Abrupt change from one energy level to another Quantum Leap CDROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory Percentage of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere 21% Ions are broken down in decomposition reaction Dissociation Scientist that created nitrous oxide Wells Constant partial muscle contraction Muscle Tone All hooved animals Ungulates Nutrients coming from the base of the ocean Upwelling Proteins made by body to fight viruses Interferons Animal that stays in one place its entire life Sessile 39 Ore from which all magnets come Magnetite Rhythmic contractions of circular and longitudinal layers of muscle Peristalsis Type of simple machine exemplified by a screw Inclined Plane Disease that leads to the deterioration and malfunctioning of the liver, spleen, bladder, and kidneys Schistosomiasis Place from which energy is first released to cause an earthquake Epicenter Viruses with single stranded RNA genomes that code from an unusual enzyme called reverse transcriptase (AIDS is caused by this) Retrovirus Process in which newly formed cells produced in more the basal layers of skin are pushed up to more superficial layers Keratinization Number of gram equivalent masses of solute dissolved in one liter of solution Normality Thin, double-layered epithelial partition between the external auditory meatus and the middle ear Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum) Study of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and atoms Atomic Spectroscopy Cells surrounding the stoma of a plant, which control the size of its opening Guard Cells Animals who produce offspring from eggs, but bring them forth already hatched Ovoviviparous Part of the regolith that can support rooted plants Soil Volcanic rock so full of gas bubbles that it floats Pumice Geological term for molten rock beneath the surface of the earth Magma Fine-grained volcanic equivalent of granite Rhyolite 4 ball and socket joints in the body Hips and Shoulders The phenomenon outside our bodies that forces air into our lungs when we breathe Atmospheric Pressure 40 Variety of grape that is most often used to make grape juice Concord Name given to a river of ice moving own a valley Glacier Determined by knowing a star’s apparent and absolute magnitudes Distance from the Sun Type of creature that a snipe is Bird Hollow rock nodule whose interior walls are lined with inward pointing crystals Geode Scientist who proved that infectious diseases are caused by microscopic organisms Louis Pasteur Large, dark, relatively level areas on the moon’s surface Marias Gland that is the major link between the nervous system and the endocrine system Hypothalamus Macroscopic study of the interconversion of heat and other forms of energy Thermodynamics Cathode rays are streams of these subatomic particles Electrons Medical term for the demineralization of bone Osteoporosis Protein that is converted to collagen by boiling bones and hides Gelatin Scientist that first proved that all falling bodies experience the same acceleration Galileo Galilei Four main human blood groups A, B, AB, O Colors that are obtained by mixing two secondary colors (such as brown and gray) Tertiary Colors Term for the tenacity of a substance that is measured as the stress that must be applied to a mineral to break it Tensile Strength Type of substance in the blood of higher animals that includes compounds such as cortisone, adrenaline, and insulin Hormone Only pivot joint in the body Neck Sour liquid produced by the action of bacteria on wine Vinegar 41 Subdivision of fungi that contains toadstools and mushrooms Basidiomycetes Biotite bearing periodotite that sometimes contains diamonds Kimberlite Part of the mantle from which basaltic magma originates Asthenosphere Highest atomic numbered element whose symbol is a single letter Uranium Fear of horses Heppophobia Seafood often referred to as calamari Squid Receding movement of tidal water that occurs after high tide and before low tide Ebb Tide Gestation period of a horse 11 Months Swirling movement of fluid within a larger mass of fluid, in a direction contrary to that of the main flow Eddy (or Eddy Current if in ocean) Small planetary bodies that coalesced to form modern planets Planetismals Type of tissue that connects human muscle to bone Tendons Word meaning “inflammation of the brain” Encephalitis 2 parts of the body that cardiopulmonary refers to Heart and Lungs 2 parts of the body that cerebrospinal refers to Brain and Spine Collective name for all ‘round mouthed” fishes Agnatha (or Cyclosomes) 2 species of the class Agnatha that still survive Hagfish and Lamprey Largest bone in the human body Femur 2nd longest bone in the human body Tibia Layers of cells that protect the root tip Root Cap Enables roots to absorb a maximum amount of water Root Hairs Genetic material of cells Nucleic Acid 42 Stimulates milk production Prolactin Normal Celsius body temperature of a human 37 Degrees Compounds that contain fluorine Fluorides Chemical protein that acts as a catalyst Enzyme Principle source of fluorine Fluorite Substance contained in banana peels which people in the 60’s smoked as a potential high Dopamine Planet with the longest day (it’s equal to 117 days on Earth) Venus Theory that living things can develop from nonliving matter Abiogenesis Substance that turns red litmus paper blue Base Substance that turns blue litmus paper red Acid Technical name for writer’s cramp Graphospasm Loose flap of skin under the chin (Mammalian equivalent of a wattle) Dewlap Discovered the carbonated drink Joseph Priestly Disease that usually begins with leg weakness and progresses rapidly (Duchenne most common) Muscular Dystrophy Type of rock that makes up the earth’s mantle and is the most important source of chromium Peridotite Solid substance that forms when a chemical reaction occurs Precipitate Spin put on air masses by the rotation of the Earth Coriolis Effect Substances that are mutually soluble are… Miscible 5 types of vertebrae Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx Developed vaccine for rabies Louis Pasteur Lifespan of a mature blood cell 120 Days Only planet that would float in the ocean Saturn 43 Fever reducing drug first made available to the public in the 1890’s Aspirin Element that gives brimstone its bright yellow color and disagreeable odor Sulfur American company largely responsible for making liquid crystal display timepieces Texas Instruments Organs that separate urea, mineral salts, toxins, and other waste from the blood Kidneys Alignment of three bodies of the solar system along a straight or nearly straight line Syzygy Carob is a substitute for this food Chocolate Unit of force in the English system Pound Process that causes changes in the earth’s crust that leads to movements on the surface, such as faulting and folding Diastrophism Number of vertebrae in the human skeleton 26 Two disaccharides found in plant cells Sucrose and Maltose Two divisions of the human skeleton Axial and Appendicular Gland at the base of the tail of a bird that produces oil for the care of the bird’s feathers Preen Gland Base found in RNA but not in DNA (Replaces Thymine) Uracil Relationship in which one party is helped and the other is neither helped nor harmed Commensalism Structure by which a tapeworm attaches itself to the intestinal wall Scolex Study of communication with body language or the study of the way in which people use body movements, for example shrugging to communicate without speaking Kinesics Separate circles of DNA, besides the genome DNA, that are found in some bacteria Plasmid Physics term for an electric current composed of two dissimilar metals whose junctions are maintained at different temperatures Thermocouple 44 4 parts of a cow’s stomach Reticulum, Omasum, Abomasum, and Rumen Largest nerve in the human body (runs from pelvis to thigh) Sciatic Nerve Number of teaspoons in a cup 48 Study of the motion of the body or the study of the mechanics of motion with respect to human anatomy Kinesiology Striped yellow-brown rock composed of bands of quartz and fibrous silicate crocidolite; it is used as a gemstone Tiger’s Eye Motion in response to stimulus, or the movement of a cell or organism in response to a stimulus such as light Kinesis Smoothes the passage of food and keeps potentially damaging digestive enzymes away from gut lining Mucous Celestial body that gets its name from a Greek word meaning “long haired” Comet Force that causes an object to float when it is put in water Buoyancy Area where the optic nerve and blood vessels pass through the retina of the eye Blind Spot Compound formed by replacing the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon with fluorine Fluorocarbon Stage of sleep when the most vivid dreams occur Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Color of iron in solution Yellow 2 purine nitrogeneous bases Adenine and Guanine 3 pyrimidine nitrogenous bases Cytosine, Thyamine, and Uracil Quantity that measures how effectively a force causes rotation Torque Equation for finding total resistance in a parallel circuit Product Sum Structure in crayfish through which liquid waste is removed Green Glands Largest lymphatic organ Spleen 45 Scientist that was the first to study the “influence” in the tips of stems that caused them to bend and grow toward light Charles Darwin Tiny structures in cells composed of protein and RNA Nucleoleus Structure that prevents blood from reentering the left ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Color of potassium in a flame test Violet Atmospheric condition that may cause excessive levels of pollutants to remain in the surrounding air for days Temperature Inversion 3 word phrase that refers to the group of volcanic mountain ranges that owe their formation to lithospheric plate movements around the Pacific Ocean Ring of Fire Three divisions of the kingdom Archaebacteria Methanogens, Halophytes, and Thermoacidophiles Boundary between the Earth’s mantle and crust Moho (Mohorovicic Discontinuity) Process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA Transcription Energy possessed based on height above the ground Potential Energy Chemical functional group which can be formed by adding an acid and alcohol; contains a carbonyl group and an additional oxygen attached to a carbon chain Ester Process by which a body of water eventually fills and becomes dry land Eutrophication 2 (plant) cell organelles that have the ability to change energy from one form to another Mitochondria and Chloroplast Structure in an egg from which a developing bird embryo obtains nutrients Yolk Term used to identify the segmented grasping portion of a grasshopper’s foot Tarsus Sign that represents the attractive force in Coulomb’s Law Negative (-) Commonly accepted “explosive” theory for the creation of the Universe Big Bang Theory 46 Term for completely different structures with similar functions Analogous Magnesium deficiency in plants that causes a yellowing of the leaves Chlorosis Place where differentiation of root cells occurs Maturation Region Animal with the simplest body structure Sponge 2 sites where blood pressure and water regulation hormones are produced Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus 2 major zones in a marine biome Pelagic Zone and Benthic Zone The enzyme which completes protein digestion Peptidase Process in which energy is evolved as heat Crystallization Earliest phylum of true coelemates Annelida Wrote “environmental manifesto” Earth in the Balance Al Gore, Jr. Protective mechanism of amoebas Negative Phototropism Place where human heartbeat originates Sinoatrial Node Shape of mountain valleys formed by streams V Shape of mountain valleys formed by glaciers U Environmental cycle which includes the process of photosynthesis and respiration Carbon-Oxygen Cycle 2 orders of mammals that are solely aquatic and marine Cetacea and Sirenia Term that refers to the theoretical balance of all portions of the earth’s crust by a dense, underlying layer Isostasy Gram-negative bacteria named for their characteristic hue Cyano-Bacteria Substances in cells that control the synthesis of ATP Enzymes Spectrum that classifies x-rays, microwaves, and light waves Electromagnetic Chemical formula for Potassium Sulfite K2SO3 47 Particle released from an atom when it undergoes beta decay Electron Process of sterilizing food or beverages Pasteurization Term for describing how a species fits into a community, or its functional role in an ecosystem Niche Structure found in snails that acts as a trap door that seals the shell Operculum Type of evolution in which two separate species evolve from a common species Divergent Evolution Second brightest star in the constellation Orion; its name literally means “armpit” Betelgeuse Order that contains the truly aquatic mammals Cetacea Term for non-protein groups that are required for proper function of protein catalysts Coenzymes Founder of the London School of Medicine for Women; first woman to receive a medical degree in the United States Elizabeth Blackwell Quantity equal to the product of the electric field strength and surface area Electric Flux Density Element essential for proper leaf growth and color Nitrogen Constituent of bile that is excreted as an orange pigment Bilirubin Oldest eon of Earth history Hadean Device that measures how much precipitation has occurred Rain Gauge Elements such as iron and silver that are listed in the middle part of the periodic table Transition Metals Blue dye whose name comes from the Indus River Indigo Term assigned to a substance that can easily be broken down as a result of its nature Unstable Hormone excreted by the thyroid gland Thyroxine Vitamin that is also a steroid Vitamin D 48 Number of African-Americans that have Sickle-Cell Anemia 1 in 400 Element that is the only one in its family that is non-metallic Boron Two-word geological term that designates the alteration of the composition of rocks and minerals by the interaction of air and water at the Earth’s surface Chemical Weathering Variable of the atmosphere that is measured by a barograph in meteorology Pressure Moon of Jupiter with active volcanoes Io Geologic era known as the “Age of Mammals” Cenozoic A weak form of this acid is formed when rain dissolves atmospheric carbon dioxide Carbonic Acid Theory that states that the solar system began in a vast gas cloud Nebular Theory Planet between Saturn and Neptune Uranus Gland located below the stomach that functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland Pancreas Term for a cell that goes through meiosis to form haploid cells Gametocyte Inflammation of the heart’s inner lining Endocarditis The force of gravity upon an object is proportional to this property of the object Mass Branch of philosophy that studies beauty Aesthetics Form of energy wasted by any non-ideal machine Heat Type of pressure responsible for the rise of sap in trees Osmotic Pressure Force in operation when two drops of water fuse into one upon meeting Cohesion Country in which Walter Reed, an American physician, performed most of his work on Yellow Fever Cuba Phase of mitosis when chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell Telephase 49 Term for the failure of a spherical mirror to bring all rays parallel to the principal axis to focus at the same time Spherical Aberration 4 negatives produced by a color separator Black, Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow Cells produced by the apical meristem form this… Primary Tissue Energy that is transformed to heat energy when something burns Chemical Energy Plantlike protests that have cell walls like the two sides of a petri dish Diatoms Point at which the pressure of a gas would become zero Absolute Zero VCR is the acronym for… Video Cassette Recorder Specialized cells that make up most leaf tissue Mesophyll Word that designates the sum total of anabolism and catabolism Metabolism Vitamin used to synthesize rhodopsin that is necessary for proper function of rods in the eye Vitamin A Term in science for a hypothesis that is supported by a large body of evidence Theory External layer of teeth that consists mainly of calcium phosphate carbonate salts Enamel Part of a cell that regulates what enters and leaves the cell Cell Membrane Type of insect that a firefly is… Beetle Volume of space around an atomic nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found Orbital Nitrogeneous base that bonds with adenine Thymine 4th planet from the sun Mars Unstable isotopes are said to be this… Radioactive Atomic weight of Carbon 12.011 Scientific name for slaked lime that is formed by the combination of water and calcium oxide Calcium Hydroxide 50 Flashes of light in your field of vision are a symptom of what optic tissue being disconnected Retina What type of animal is a devon rex? Cat This contains equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons Isotopes Planet with a tortured volcanic surface Venus What the “m” in E = mc2 stands for Total Mass in the Universe Name given to nutmeg melon in the U.S. Cantaloupe What ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange Phylum containing red algae Rhodophyta Branch of mathematics founded partly by Sir Isaac Newton Calculus Primitive electrostatic capacitor that was named for the Dutch town in which it was invented in 1745 Leyden Jar Device that allows ions to slow between the half-cells of a galvanic cell Salt Bridge Word that designates the evaporation of water from plant leaves Transpiration Primary carbohydrate compound found in milk Lactose Phylum name that means “false foot” Pseudopod Isotope of hydrogen not found in nature, is radioactive, and has a half-life of 12 years Tritium Name by which C6H12O6 is better known Glucose Noun referring to the response of plants to touch Thigmotrophism Chemical element that accounts for approximately 70 percent of the mass of the universe Hydrogen “R” word that is another term for DNA synthesis Replication Muscle that allows you to smile Zygomaticus Major Number of constellations there are 88 51 Metallic element that is found in the earth’s crust primarily in the form of limestone Calcium Term for any organism that contains 2 sets of chromosomes Diploid British astronomer that was the first, in 1718, to state that stars had individual motions Halley Light metal that tarnishes when exposed to air Lithium Physical state that is characterized by the occupation of all available space by the substance Gaseous State Species of rattlesnake that is the heaviest of all poisonous snakes Diamondback The 4 types of teeth Canines, Incisors, Molars, and Premolars Large venomous lizard, Heloderma Suspectum, of the southwestern U.S, that has orange and black markings Gila Monster Oil from this fruit has been used as the primary ingredient in margarine Coconut U.S. Space Program that immediately followed Project Mercury Project Gemini Name for adult male yaks Bulls Part of a chromosome that actually controls inherited traits Gene Place where most old human blood cells are broken down Spleen Part of the human body affected by amoebic dysentery Intestines Breed of goat that yields about eight pounds of mohair each year Angora Geologic period when dinosaurs dominated the Earth Cretaceous Period Type of wave phenomenon that causes a straw to appear to bend as it protrudes through a water surface Refraction Flower whose name comes from its use in scenting wash water for ancient Romans Lavender Another name for the asthenosphere Low Velocity Zone 52 Early 20th century inventor who lent his name to a unit of magnetic flux density Nikola Tesla Region of the Earth’s atmosphere where short-wave radiation from the sun is absorbed and partly ionizes the gas molecules Ionosphere Branch of philosophy concerned with conduct and character Ethics Heavenly body whose prominences include dark filaments and clouds of gas Sun Study of viruses Virology Medical function of the appendix in humans It Has No Known Function Compound that forms dry ice Carbon Dioxide Sense that the brain’s occipital lobe is devoted to… Sight Adjective that designates the type of rock that has formed layer by layer over many years Sedimentary Most sedimentary rocks were formed here… Underwater Fruit that can be musk or casaba Melon Maximum number of electrons that can be contained in the outermost energy level of most atoms 8 Name given to a system of gears in which one or more gears move around another fixed gear Epicyclic Chamber of the heart that collects blood from the body Right Atrium Chemical formula that shows the actual placement of atoms in the molecule Structural Formula Poisons that are produced by some bacteria Toxins Another name for the gray wolf Timber wolf The current quantum-mechanical understanding of the atom is based on this… The Wave Nature of Particles Plant whose scientific name is Dionaea Muscipula Venus Fly Trap 53 Most powerful agent of erosion Running Water Name for the young of an eel Elver Smaller clumps of matter that form around planets Satellites In chemistry, the common term for any molecule that contains atoms of more than one element Compound Geologic era in which the Cretaceous Period occurred Mesozoic Process that a fossil shell of pyrite has undergone Replacement Process Occurs when the moon is directly between the sun and Earth Solar Eclipse Term used for a force per unit area Stress Fruit that the Germans call a zitrone Lemon Common name for ebullition Boiling Too little of this hormone can cause dwarfism HGH (Human Growth Hormone) Pair of scientists that discovered the element Xenon in 1898 Morris Travers and William Ramsay In geology, the type of fracturing caused by the expansion of a solid rock during uplift and erosion of overlying rocks Pressure Relief Fracturing Ancient name of the constellation whose English name is “Eagle” Aquilia Scale that compares the resistance of the surface of a mineral to scratching Moh’s Scale Type of drug to which the human body develops a tolerance most rapidly Hallucinogens Flower from which orris oil is obtained Iris Three principal elements that are found in most plant fertilizers Potassium, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen Species that the “red-spotted purple” and the “anise swallowtail” belong to Butterfly Term that pertains to a plant that stores food during its first season and produces flowers and seeds during its second season Biennial 54 Polish astronomer who explained the retrograde motion of Jupiter Copernicus Geological term for igneous rocks with abundant silicon and aluminum Sialic Medical term for plastic surgery on the nose Rhinoplasty Conjugated protein of vertebrate muscle fibers that holds oxygen more tightly than its blood-borne cousin, hemoglobin Myoglobin With every how many degrees of longitude does the time zone change? 15 Noun that designates the loss of pore space during burial, due to pressure of overlying sediment Compaction Name chemists give to the state of a solution having a higher concentration of solute than at saturation Supersaturation Number of doors that a coupe has 2 Collective term for the animal life of a region, environment, or time Fauna Part of the nervous system that controls all involuntary body processes, such as heartbeat Autonomic Nervous System Device that converts digital information from computers into electrical signals that can be transmitted over telephone lines Modem What modem stands for Modulator/Demodulator Place on a plant stem where leaves or branches are attached Node What does a medium-sized star become when all its helium fuses to form carbon White Dwarf Disease of green plants that is characterized by a yellow condition of parts that are normally green Chlorosis Term used to describe a substance that acts like a base when reacting with strong acids and like an acid when reacting with strong bases Amphoteric Most common disorder of red blood cells Anemia Tree from which the fruit “fig” comes Ficus Carica 55 Type of radiation that is located between visible waves and radio waves in the comparison of wavelengths Infrared Jackknife and steamer are popular food types of this mollusk Clam Bowen’s continuous reaction series relates to the chemical changes in what mineral’s composition Plagioclase Kind of forces that are weak electrical forces that loosely bond some atoms, such as in the structure of graphite Van der Walls Scientifically correct term for a tidal wave Tsunami Name given to any combustible material derived from plant or animal remains Fossil Fuel First Computer (built by Grace Murray Hopper and Howard Aiken) MARK I First noted woman astronomer; she discovered eight nebulas and three comets and was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1828 Caroline Herschel Founded the science of microbiology Louis Pasteur English scientist who was the first to describe the fundamental optical principles of the telescope Roger Bacon Process in which atoms of an element split apart to produce energy and atoms of different elements Nuclear Fission Scientist who was the first to identify nuclear fission, in 1939 Lise Meitner Scientist often shown in photographs indulging in one of his favorite pastimes— playing the bongos; he gave a series of lectures of which the written version became a standard reference in physics Richard Feynman This scientist had a prosthetic nose that was made of gold and silver; he made precise measurements of our solar system and hundreds of stars prior to the invention of the telescope in the early 17th century and thus is called “the great naked-eye astronomer” Tycho Brahe 56 Won the Nobel Prize twice—once in chemistry and once in physics; she died of leukemia, brought about by exposure to radiation Marie Curie This scientist’s discoveries induced Southern farmers to rotate other crops in between cotton crops in order to avoid depleting the soil; he also developed hundreds of industrial and commercial uses for peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes George Washington Carver American plant breeder who produced the plumcot, a cross between the plum and apricot; he also developed a type of potato which is superior to normal potatoes Luther Burbank British mathematician who did pioneering work in computer theory; he developed the Turing machine, a device that was important in the development of the digital computer Alan Turing Canadian physician who, along with Charles Best, discovered the pancreatic hormone insulin, used in treating diabetes Frederick Banting American geneticist most noted for her discovery that genes can transfer their positions on chromosomes Barbara McClintock Variations in chromosomes that, when passed to offspring can produce new species Mutations Dutch botanist who independently rediscovered the laws of heredity developed by the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel; he also developed the concept of mutation in evolution Hugo de Vries British naturalist and collector of wildlife specimens who formulated the groundbreaking theory of evolution by natural selection at the same time Charles Darwin did; he collected specimens in the Amazon basin and in the Malay Archipelago Alfred Wallace The idea that competition for survival in a local environment exerts pressure on populations to adapt Natural Selection Transformer that can change both the frequency and magnitude of an alternating current Tesla Coil Pioneer in the use of alternating current Nikola Tesla 57 The mathematical study of economical space-spanning structures Geodesics Known for the quote “I just invent. Then I wait until man comes around to needing what I’ve invented.”; he invented the geodesic dome, the Dymaxion House (a doughnut-shaped structure hung from a central mast), and the Dymaxion World Map (a flat cartographic projection that can be folded into a rough globe without any visible distortion); he wrote Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Buckminster Fuller Gave us a paradox that says if you get half closer to something repeatedly you will never theoretically reach it (founded concept of limit); he also formulated a paradox dealing with Achilles and a tortoise: Achilles runs ten times faster than the tortoise but the tortoise has a head-start of ten units so Achilles will, theoretically, never pass the tortoise Zeno of Elea Invented the first torpedo David Bushnell What RADAR stands for… RAdio Detecting And Ranging What SONAR stands for… SOund Navigation And Ranging Name applied to a charged atom Ion English computer scientist who introduced the World Wide Web in 1989 Timothy Berners-Lee Term used to describe how a person feels at a given temperature and wind speed Wind Chill Factor In 1939, this man introduced the concept of wind chill factor while studying Adaptation of the Explorer to the Climate of Antarctica Paul Siple 58
