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Terminology
Anatomical Terms
Axis, plane, dorsal, ventral, lateral, superficial,
deep, oral/aboral
Oral
aboral
RADIAL Symmetry
BilateralSymmetry
No tissues
Cellular level
Animals
(Metazoa)
Hetertrophs, movement, multicellular
Cladogram
Eumetazoa
Parazoa
…of animal kingdom
Highlighting characteristic that distinguishes
or separates with Phyla at bottom
Bilateral Symmetry
3 germ layers
Bilateria
Radial Symmetry
2 germ layers
Radiata
Mouth 1st
Anus 1st
Deuterostomi
Protostomi
Ecdysozoan
(ring of cilia, larval stage)
(shed exoskeleton)
Lack cilia
Porifera
Sponges
Grantia
Cnidaria
Hydra
Jellyfish
Anemones
WVS
Lophotrochozoan
Lost during
evolution
platyhelminthes
Planaria,
Tapeworm
schistosoma
(blood fluke)
water
vascular system
segmented
Annelids
Clamworm
(nereis)
Earthworm
Leech
Mollusca
Nematoda
Clam
Roundworms
Mussels
Cysts
Snails (Trichinella Spiralis)
Squid
Arthropoda
Grasshopper
Crayfish
Echinodermata
Sea Star
Sea Urchin
Sand Dollar
Notochord
Gill slits
Dorsal
hollow
nerve
Chordata
Fetal Pig
Lancelets
(Amphioxus)
PHYLUMS (body plan, developmental & internal organizations)
Proifera – What’s set’s it apart from Eumetazoa (everything else in animal
kingdom)
•Lack True Tissue (and therefore no organs)
Tissues – group of similar cells that perform a particular
function
= all cells work with essentially separately. Not strictly true,
they all need each other, but there are not similar cells
working together – not a lot of chanocytes for one function
(ex: many muscle cells all work together to pull 1 bone)
Some things can’t ID like amoebocytes because can’t see
Note: everything in lab manual is fair game
Choanocyte
Osculum
(opening)
Flagellum
Spongocoel
Ostia
/ Pore
Epidermis
= Outer layer
Mesohyl
= middle layer
Food particles
in mucus
Flagellated collar cell
Draw food particles in
Choanocyte
Collar
Phagocytosis of
food particles
Amoebocyte
Spicules
Water
flow
Amoebocytes
Redistribute nutrients
Fig. 33-4
Sponges (Porifera)
Identifying features = lots of holes
Ostia / pore
Small hole
In Flow Current
Osculum
Large hole
Exit channel
Grantia (calcareous sponge) a.k.a scypha
Type of sponge characterized by the presence of Spicules
Spicules: hard, crystalline structures secreted outside the cells;
•calcium carbonate, (same material as shells of many marine animals.
•reinforce the body and make it more resistant to attack
Spicules
Sponges: phylum Porifera
Notice many open chamber = pores
Sponges: phylum Porifera
What are tissues?
There are many cell types,
but they function
essentially independently.
An isolated cell is still
functional.
Tissues are groups of
similar cells that work
together toward a single
purpose. One cell in a tissue
is useless by itself.
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Cnidaria
Phylum Cnidaria
Flatworms: phylum Platyhelminthes
Three tissue layers in embryo. Almost all animals share this basic feature; the sponges and
cnidarians are exceptions.
Acoelomate: Flatworms don't have any kind of coelom or pseudocoelom; their bodies are
basically solid. This simple body structure led biologists to conclude that the phylum
Platyhelminthes branched off from the rest of the animals before the evolution of the coelom.
However, some genetic studies have led some researchers to argue that flatworms descended
from an ancestor that had a coelom, and later lost the coelom.
Gastrovascular cavity: The digestive tract has only one opening, and branches throughout the
body. Flatworms do extracellular digestion, like most animals.
Pharynx: a muscular tube through which the flatworm can suck food into its gastrovascular
cavity. The opening into the pharynx could be considered the mouth, but since this animal has a
two-way gut, that opening also must function as the anus.
Flatworms: phylum Platyhelminthes
Pharynx
Different sections of the Gastrovascular cavity
NOT a body cavity (coelom)
Annelids
• Annelids have bodies composed of a series of fused
rings (segmented = metamerism)
• The phylum Annelida is divided into three classes:
– Oligochaeta (earthworms and their relatives)
– Polychaeta (polychaetes)  clamworm
– Hirudinea (leeches)
Fig. 33-22
Cuticle
Epidermis
Coelom
Circular
muscle
GI
Metaniephridium
Septum
(partition
between
segments)
Metanephridium
Longitudinal
muscle
Anus
Dorsal vessel
Chaetae
Intestine
Fused
nerve
cords
Ventral
vessel
Nephrostome
Metanephridium
Clitellum
Esophagus
Pharynx
Giant Australian earthworm
Cerebral ganglia
Crop
Intestine
Gizzard
Mouth
Subpharyngeal
ganglion
Blood
vessels
Ventral nerve cord with
segmental ganglia
Earthworm
Earthworm
Coiled metanephidria
Earthworm
G.I. Tract
Cavity (G.I. Tract) within a cavity (coelem / body cavity)
Clamworm = nereis
(pr: nair eeze)
Palp
With tooth
Cirri
Cecum
Prostomium (first body segment)