Download (null): SBI3U Kingdom Animalia Intro Handout

SBI3U–DiversityofLivingThings Date:________________________________________
F Kingdom Animalia 1
updated October 2016
In order to be in the Kingdom Animalia, an organism must be considered:
1. multicellular
2. heterotroph
3. typically reproduce sexually
4. lack cell wall
5. motile during some life stage (i.e. stationary sponges have free-swimming larval stages)
6. rapid response to external stimuli
7. have two types of tissues only found in animals: nervous tissue (brain, nerves and spinal chord) and muscle tissue
The central theme to Kingdom Animalia is that over _________________________________ time, animals have
________________________ in _________________________. There are different stages leading to complexity:
1. level of cellular organization and specialization
2. type of symmetry of body plan
3. degree of cephalization
4. presence, type of body cavity (coelom)
5. presence of segmentation
6. structure of digestive system
Evolution of Animals
Evolutionary Origin of Animals
q Animals are thought to arose from the sea, from colonial protists.
q It is believed that some of these protist colonies began to fold inward, creating a gastrula-like protosome.
q In this stage, cell specialization occurred, paving the way for the evolution of true multi-cellular organisms
Cell Specialization and Tissue Formation
q
q
q
q
first cell divisions are known as cleavages
several cleavages produces a small hollow ball of cells
as they continue to divide, the cells get pushed towards the interior, creating a BLASTULA
DIFFERENTIATION (i.e. cells become specialized) occurs in late stages of blastula
Three types of tissues may form:
Tissue
Gives rise to…
Location
Animal Development
Source: Biology, Heath (1991), pg.446 – Authors: James McLaren, Lissa Rotundo, ‘Laine Gurley-Dilger
Presence of a Body Cavity
q if _________________ is present between the _________________ and the ______________ _____________ it
is referred to as a __________________
q this body cavity is lined with the __________________________, which produces _________________________
in the body (meaning nutrients and oxygen don't diffuse into all body cells)
Advantages of a Coelom
q acts as a cushion for internal organs
q provides more room for internal organs to expand
q allows animal to become larger
q allows digestive tract to develop specialized regions and formation of blood vessels
An Animal's Body Plan
•
Four types:
Type
CEPHALIZATION
q
q
q
q
Description
Kingdom Animalia – Diversity
Π________________________
 SIMPLE ANIMALS
 ________________________
Π________________________
‚ WORM-LIKE ANIMALS
 ________________________
Ž ________________________
Π________________________
ƒ INVERTEBRATES
 ________________________
Π________________________
„ JOINT-LEGGED ANIMALS ARTHROPODS
 ________________________
Ž ________________________
 ________________________
… INTERNAL SKELETONS (CHORDATES)
ANCESTRAL CHORDATES
Π________________________
VERTEBRATES
Π________________________
 ________________________
Ž ________________________
 ________________________
 ________________________
‘ ________________________
’ ________________________
TheWorms
q
The worms are considered the evolutionary bridge between simple and complex animals.
Platyhelminthes
Common Name
Type of Symmetry
Type of Body Cavity
# and Name of Cell Layers
Cephalization?
Digestive System
Circulatory and Resp.
Systems
Misc Features
Diagram
Phylum
Nematoda
Annelida
SBI3U–TheDiversityofLivingThings
Date:________________________
Video:AnimalDiversity
1.Howmanyanimalspeciesarethere?
2.Howareanimalsclassified?
3.Whatarethesimplestmulti-cellularanimals?
4.Whatarethecharacteristicsofthesponges?
5.Whatisthefirstbranchingpointindivergence?
6.Whatisthesecondbranchingpointindivergence?
7.Whatisradialsymmetry?
8.Whatisbilateralsymmetry?
9.WhatarethecharacteristicsofCnidaria?
10.Whatisthesignificanceofthe3celllayers?
11.Whatarethecharacteristicsoftheflatworms?
12.Whatistheimportanceofthecoelem(fluidfilledcavity)?
13.Whatisthesignificanceofacompletedigestivetube?
14.Whatareprotostomes?
15.Whatarethedeuterostomes?
16.WheredotheArthropodscomefrom?
17.WhatisthesignificanceoftheribosomalRNAsequences?
18.Whatissegmentation?
19.Whatisthedisputeaboutthedevelopmentofsegmentation?
20.Whatisthepuzzleoftheechinoderms’relationshiptootheranimals?
21.WhatarethefeaturesofthePhylumChordata?
22.Whyarejawsandpairedfinsimportantinthedevelopmentoffish?
23.Whatfeaturesdevelopedasanimalsmovedfromwatertoland?
24.Howdoesthevertebracolumnmovetoaidlocomotion?
25.Whatisthenatureoflife?
Video-DisappearingFrogs:TryingtoSavetheWorld’sAmphibians
1.Howlonghaveamphibiansbeenontheearthfor?_______________________________________
2.Whatisthe“deadlywide-spreaddisease”called?Whatdoesitinfect?
3.Howmanyspeciesarebeingdriventoextinctionbythisdisease?_____________________
4.Whatisthoughttobetriggeringthereleaseofthispathogen?
5.Whataresomepossiblecauseswhysomefrogsrecoverbetterthanothers?
6.Whatotherstrategyarescientistsusingtoincreasefrogpopulations?
7.Whyshouldhumanspayattentiontoamphibians’responsetoenvironmentalchanges?
SBI3U – Diversity of Living Things
Date: ________________________________________
Dry Lab: The Animal Kingdom
Purpose: To observe the diversity of Kingdom Animalia and to demonstrate the varying degrees of complexity
exhibited within the Animal Kingdom.
STATION 1: Body Plan
p. 452
1) The Body Plan is made of 3 features which biologists use to organize animals into phyla and classes.
These features are body symmetry, cell organization and the presence of a coelom (internal body cavity).
Classify the organisms in this station by filling in the chart.
Organism
Body Symmetry
(asymmetrical, bilateral or
radial?)
Cell Organization
(tissues or organs?)
Coelom
(present/absent?)
2) What is the advantage of having specialized cells?
STATION 2: Phylum Porifera
p. 453
1) Describe the body plan of a sponge:
Body symmetry
Cell organization
Coelom
2) Sponges absorb through tiny ____________and expel water through an opening called _______________
3) Describe the two ways in which sponges reproduce.
STATION 3: Phylum Cnidaria
p. 454
1) List 3 examples of cnidarians from the specimens in front of you:
2) What are the 2 main evolutionary changes between the Phylum Porifera and the Phylum Cnidaria:
i) symmetry: _________________
ii) cell organization: ________________________
3) Cnidarians have 2 layers of cells, an outer layer or ______________ and an inner layer called
_______________, which provides the animal with a gastrovascular cavity. Because they don’t have a
coelom, their bodies must be relatively thin and flat. Some cells have muscle fibres that contract to
______________ and others have a nerve net, which allows the cnidarian to _________________________.
4) What is remarkable about the function of the mouth in cnidarians (2 functions)?
5) The 2 main stages in the life cycle of a cnidarian are the:
i) polyp which is ___________ and reproduces by ______________
ii) medusa which produce ________________ and thus reproduces ________________
STATION 4: Worm-Like Animals p. 457
1) a) In bilaterally symmetrical animals with the sense organs and nerve cells concentrated toward the anterior
end, this development is known as _________________________.
b) Briefly describe the advantage of this adaptation:
2) A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity between the body wall and the digestive tract. This cavity is lined
with a tissue called mesoderm. Porifera and Cnidarians do not have a coelom. What are the advantages
to having a coelom with respect to:
i) internal organs _____________________________________________________________________
ii) room for internal organs ______________________________________________________________
iii) specialized regions __________________________________________________________________
iv) size of animal ______________________________________________________________________
STATION 5: Phylum Platyhelminthes (The Flatworms) p. 458
1) The body plan of the flatworm is ___________________________________________________________
(i.e. symmetry, cell organization, coelom?)
2) Flatworms are flat because _______________________________________________________________
3) The mouth is used for both _________________ of food and __________________ of wastes.
STATION 6: Phylum Nematoda (The Roundworms)
p. 459
1) Nematodes live in soil and may be the most common animal on earth. They have developed a separate
_____________ and ____________ so that food moves through in one direction only. Nematodes lack both a
_______________ and ________________ system because they have an inefficient, thin coelom.
STATION 7: Phylum Annelida (The Segmented Worms)
p. 459
1) Annelids have a coelom and a segmented body. Segmented bodies have repeating structures, which
have allowed them to increase in size without losing the capacity to _______________________________.
Segmentation allows increased and more complex movement as different muscles control _____________.
Non-segmented worms like the flatworms and roundworms cannot move as easily.
2) Compare gas exchange between segmented and non-segmented worms.
GAS EXCHANGE IN WORMS
Flatworms and Nematodes (non-segmented)
Annelids (segmented)
3) Flatworms do not have a body cavity; roundworms have a body cavity but no mesoderm and annelids have
both a body cavity and mesoderm. Describe mesoderm and why it is important?
STATION 8: Phylum Mollusca (Animals with a Shell)
p. 462
1) List the main components of a mollusk’s body plan. List the function of each.
Body Part
Function
STATION 9: Phylum Echinodermata (Radially Symmetrical Animals)
p. 464
1) All echinoderms reproduce asexually by fragmentation. The specimens include:
2) An ___________________is an internal skeleton that supports and protects the animal.
3) Most have primitive gills for gas exchange but the sea cucumber has a primitive respiratory tree consisting
of canals that helps ____________________________.
STATION 10: Phylum Arthropoda (Animals with an Exoskeleton) P. 465
1) All arthropods have a segmented body, which implies they may have evolved from the ________________.
2) The external skeleton, the _______________ is made of __________ which protects the animal and
prevents it from drying out. The disadvantage to this hard protective substance is it prevents __________
and arthropods have evolved appendages and groups of muscles to move these appendages. Later on
these appendages evolved joints, which increased ________________.
3) The exoskeleton decreased the need for the ________ to provide body shape and the ability for
__________________. __________ that took in oxygen and released carbon dioxide evolved as did
__________ which are tubes that carry oxygen to body tissues.
4) An____________ circulatory system is primitive and has a blood cavity called a ____________________.
Blood travels through vessels and empties into it.
5) State the main features that separate the following classes of arthropods. Keep it simple! J
CLASS
FEATURES
Arachnida
Crustacea
Insecta
Diplopoda
Chilopoda
STATION 11: Phylum Chordata (Animals with an Endoskeleton) p. 469
1) List 5 features of all chordates.
Conclusions:
Whichcharacteristicsshowedagreatdealofvarianceorcontinuumbetweensimpleandcomplexanimals?