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Western Civ gphs Test 1 – Study Guide: Ancient to Renaissance BACKGROUND FROM ANCIENT THROUGH THE MEDIEVAL ERA The Greco-Roman era… Polytheism Socrates’ and logos…and why they killed him Plato and the Cave Aristotle What we get from the Greeks and Romans [legacy] Judeo-Christian ethos, worldview [legacy] 30AD – Death of Christ 313AD – Conversion of Constantine 476 “Fall” of Rome EARLY MIDDLE AGES [c.476-1000s] Germanic tribes invade [300s-500s] Muslim, Viking invasions [600s-1000s] Reconquista [711-1492] Spain 732 – Franks win Battle of Tours Charlemagne [renaissance #1] 800 – Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor the Byzantine Empire / Greek (Eastern) Orthodox church (Roman) Catholic church pope Monasteries Men to fight, work, pray [feudal order] Clergy / laymen 1066 Norman invasion of England Effects on language and governance HIGH MIDDLE AGES [c.1100-1300s] [renaissance #2] Canon law Cities, Currency Christendom Colleges Crusades – cause [ Battle of Manzikert 1071] / effects Aquinas (1200s) BIG ideas * embracing reason, * natural law The disasters of the 14th century 100 Years War Jacqueries the Black Death, Little Ice Age Mongols and Turks 1453 – Fall of Constantinople /// Frye Avignon/Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism [1378-1414] John Wycliffe STARK IDEAS Two churches – Church of Piety / Church of Power Syncretism - “peoples religion” [folk religion] Inquisition RENAISSANCE c.1450 printing press: Gutenberg The printing press spread VERNACULAR which helped encourage NATIONALISM. The Italian Renaissance [1300s-1500s] Humanism Classicism Civic Virtue Vernacular Italian Renaissance humanists [like Pico della Mirandola] revived classical [Greco-Roman] literature and language [L. Valla]. Some Italian thinkers were more secular [Machiavelli] than religious…spread by the printing press after the 1450s and challenged the universities and Church… promoted the idea of civic humanism in city states and more secular models for behavior. {Machiavelli, Castiglione} Florence, Genoa, Venice, Rome as centers of trade -> causes of Renaissance the Medici patronage Dante’s Divine Comedy Castiglione’s Courtier Lorenzo Valla’s exposure of the Donation of Constantine Christine de Pisan and role of women in Renaissance 1494-98 Savonarola and the French invasion of Florence 1527 sack of Rome by Spanish mercenaries Perspective and Renaissance art Princes, merchants and popes used art to enhance their prestige and were PATRONS of the artists, who became more famous. Renaissance art was based on classical styles and used new techniques like geometric perspective. They also painted using models and themes from their own everyday life. Michelangelo Sistine Chapel, David Raphael The School of Athens Leonardo daVinci Last Supper, Mona Lisa The New Monarchs Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille Cardinal Ximenes & the Inqusition New monarchs tried to centralize power by gaining a monopoly on tax collection, organizing national armies, national law systems, and determining the religious practice for their subjects. (Ferdinand and Isabella and the Spanish Inquisition, the Valois kings in France [Francis I] supported by secular theorists like Machiavelli.) The Hapsburgs and the Holy Roman Empire Northern Renaissance Christian humanism (Erasmus) used Renaissance humanist methods to analyze the Bible and improve theological reasoning, but this led to criticism of the Church and culture. (And laid the foundation for the Reformation…) Geopolitical situation in Europe, 1400-1500; MAP of EUROPE c. 1500