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Plant Anatomy, Growth, Transport, and Nutrition [Ch 29 and 30] AP Biology Anatomy 1. Root 2. Shoot 3. Leaves AP Biology 2005-2006 Roots Purpose: anchor, absorb minerals and water, store food Adaptation Root hairs to increase SA for absorption AP Biology Shoot stems and buds Purpose: growth and transport Stems • node = site of leaf attachment Buds • terminal /apical = tip • axillary = lateral; from node AP Biology Leaves Function: photosynthesis gas exchange transpiration AP Biology 2005-2006 Raw Materials sunlight chloroplasts in leaves CO2 gas exchange through stomata H 2O roots nutrients AP Biology roots Interdependence ROOTS get sugar & sugars nutrients from photosynthetic parts [shoots] SHOOTS depend on water & minerals absorbed by roots water AP Biology 2005-2006 3 Plant Tissues 1. Dermal [skin] covers & protects 2. Vascular [transport] movement between roots & shoots xylem & phloem 3. Ground [bulk of plant] storage, photosynthesis AP Biology Vascular tissue [tube shaped cells] Transport in roots, stems & leaves Xylem water & minerals dead cells Phloem Nutrients like sugar living cells AP Biology 2005-2006 Growth annuals life cycle 1 year perennials lives many years AP Biology Transport in plants H2O & minerals xylem transpiration Sugars phloem bulk flow Gas exchange photosynthesis CO2 in; O2 out Uses stomates Cellular respiration O2 in; CO2 out roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil AP Biology Cellular Transport short-distance transport cell to cell long-distance transport (bulk flow) throughout whole plant in xylem and phloem AP Biology LONG DISTANCE Bulk flow = movement by pressure xylem Negative pressure Transpiration pulls sap up from roots phloem Positive pressure Sugar from leaves pushes sap through tube AP Biology Water Potential Flaccid wilt Turgid swollen AP Biology osmosis through aquaporins water moves high to low Mineral & Water uptake by roots Mineral uptake active transport pumps minerals in concentration gradient established [salt sucks] Water uptake by root hairs AP Biology high to low root pressure Mycorrhizae Symbiotic relationship between FUNGI & PLANTS AP Biology increases SA for absorption of water & minerals Rise of water in a tree by bulk flow Transpiration pulls water by adhesion & cohesion H bonding Water potential high in soil low in leaves Root pressure push H2O from soil to roots upward push AP Biology Transpiration Water loss from leaves [90%] Stomates openings on underside of leaves Balancing act Close = prevents water loss Open = CO2 in for photosynthesis AP Biology Regulation Guard Cells control stomata Full of water = open stomata Empty = close stomata K+ Role in Guard Cells K+ ions enter guard cells Proton Pumps Causes H2O to enter Turgid OPEN loss of K+ ions from guard cells H2O exits cells flaccid CLOSE AP Biology Transport of sugars active transport of sucrose Phloem proton pumps gradient pulls in water and causes FLOW AP Biology Nutritional needs plants need… sun inorganic compounds water (H2O) CO2 Minerals like Mg, Na, Zn, etc AP Biology Magnesium deficiency Symptoms chlorosis = yellowing of leaves Mg needed to make chlorophyll AP Biology Nitrogen Cycle nitrogen fixation (N2 ammonia nitrates) Bacteria FIX nitrogen root AP Biology Legumes Symbiotic relationship between bean plants and bacteria They FIX nitrogen into usable form for plants nitrates Animals & Fungi get nitrogen from food they eat AP Biology