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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
GLUCOSE
1
What is
Chemistry
anyway??
I have written
the definition
below for you
Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Chemistry is:
The study of matter; its properties
and composition; the changes that
matter undergoes.
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
1.
ORGANIC:
The study of compounds that contain
carbon
My friend told
me that I am
made of
CARBON. Is that
right??
Yes all animals
(including humans)
are a carbon based
life forms
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
2.
INORGANIC:
The study of compounds that do not
contain carbon
3.
Biochemistry
The study of the chemicals and
chemical reactions in living things
But I thought this was BIOLOGY!!
Why do am I learning about
chemistry???
Because Life requires
about 25 chemical
elements
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
 All Matter is made up of Chemical
Elements
 CHEMICAL ELEMENT is a substance
that cannot be broken down into
another substance by ordinary
means
 Elements have only ONE kind of
atom
Most abundant: 96.3%
O= Oxygen
C = Carbon
H= Hydrogen
N=Nitrogen
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
 Greek word that means Unable to
cut
 Atoms are the basic unit of Matter
 Made up of 3 Sub Atomic Particles
Proton
Neutron
+ charge
0 charge
Electron
- charge
atom
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
1. Neutrons are Neutral which means
they have no charge
2. Protons have a positive (+)
charge
3. Electrons have a negative (-)
charge
He=helium
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
 Negative charge
 Orbit the nucleus at the speed of
light
So fast that they look like an
electron cloud surrounding the nucleus
The cloud
is larger
than the
nucleus
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
# of protons =
# of electrons
That means
there is no
charge
Atom is neutral
The # of PROTONS = THE
ATOMIC NUMBER
The number of protons
in an atom
is unique for each element
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Example:
He (Helium) has 2 protons
therefore the ATOMIC NUMBER
is 2
Also called
Atomic Mass=
ATOMIC
WEIGHT
# NEUTRONS + # PROTONS
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Name of element
Atomic number
Chemical symbol
Atomic mass
ISOTOPES
Atoms of the same element that
differ in the number of neutrons
How do you
Know???
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
The number of neutrons will
change the atomic mass
EXAMPLE: CARBON 13, CARBON 14
ETC
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
The number of Electrons stays the
SAME
So the Chemical Properties stay
the SAME
IMPORTANT!!
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Some Isotopes are Radioactive
That means they are Unstable
This means that the nucleus breaks down over time
USES FOR ISOTOPES
 Carbon dating
o Age fossils and
rocks
 Kill bacteria
 Medical diagnosis
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Uncontrolled exposure harms the
organism. Especially the DNA!
Electron arrangement determines
the Chemical Properties of the
atom.
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
 The farther away the electron
is from the nucleus the more
energy it has.
 Electrons are located in the
Electron shells
Each shell has a limited
number of electrons that can
accommodated
First shell = max 2
2nd shell = max 8
3rd shell (last shell)
= max 8 (valence)
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Definition:
 2 or more elements combine in
a definite proportion (fixed
ratio)
 The proportions are shown in
the Chemical Formula
Ex: H2O = 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
 Chemical properties of
compounds are usually different
from the elements that form it
Ex.Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen
(O) are gasses
But
They combine to form a
liquid…………..H2O
 Hold Atoms in compounds
together
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Type
definition
Ionic
bond
Electrons are
transferred
from one atom
to another
Key word
End result
example
Covalent
Bond
Electrons are
shared
between atoms
Transferred Shared
IONS
Molecules
atoms that The smallest
unit in a
are either compound
(+) or (-)
Na+ ClH2O
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/PhysicalScience/ionic_bond_animation.gif
Ex:
Sodium (Na) transfers an electron
And becomes Positive. Chlorine (CL)
gains an electron to become
Negative
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Chemistry 0113
Text book p. 38
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Chemistry 0113
Hydrogen cannot give up its electron
but it can share it with oxygen. To
be stable (to complete the valence
shell) oxygen must have 2 electrons
shared.
Van der Waals Forces
The rapid movement of electrons can
cause a slight (+) or (-) charge. Ex:
a Gecko
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Necessary for life
1.
Carbohydrates
 Contains:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Oxygen
 Includes:
 Sugar

Starch
(stored
energy)
Breaks down in the body
To form
GLUCOSE
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
2.
Lipids (fats, oils and waxes)
 Contains:
 Carbon
 Hydrogen
 Function:
 Stores Energy
 Part of biological
membranes
 Water proof
coverings
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
3.
Nucleic Acid (formed from
Nucleotides)
 Contain: (made up of)
 Sugar
 Phosphate
 Nitrogenous
Base
 Function:
 Store and
transmit hereditary
or genetic
information
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Chemistry 0113
2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID
1.DNA
NUCLEIC
ACID
2.RNA
4. Protein
necessary for growth &
repair of body structures
 Contain:
always
 Hydrogen
Sulfur
 Oxygen
Phosphorus
sometimes
 Carbon
 Nitrogen
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Draguesku
Chemistry 0113
Enzymes:
 A special type of protein
REGULATES chemical activities
in the body and other
organisms
 Acts as a CATALYST
 (speeds up chemical reactions)
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