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Name: ____________________________________ Date: ____________ Class: ______5/7/17 2009-2010 KEY TERMS AND OBJECTIVES FOR the Human Digestive System OBJECTIVES: By the end of this unit, you should be able to… 1. Match each of the key terms below to its correct definition The Human Digestive System: 2. Identify the major parts of the human digestive system on a diagram 3. Explain functions of the following parts of the digestive system: esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, villi, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, rectum, anus 4. *In essay form, explain, in detail how the food you eat moves from the mouth through the digestive system and ultimately, how nutrients get to all cells throughout the body. During your explanation, make sure to answer the following questions and also use these words in your explanation: circulatory system, diffusion, small intestine, villi, a. List the path that food takes in the digestive system (the order of organs that food actually passes through) b. List two organs responsible for mechanical digestion c. List three organs responsible for chemical digestion SECTIONS IN BOOK: Biology: Exploring Life 29.1 – Nutrition depends on digestion and absorption Biology: Exploring Life 29.2 – Each region of the digestive tube is specialized KEY TERMS: The Process of Digestion: Absorption: the stage of digestion in which certain cells take up small molecules Chemical change: when food changes into a form the body can use. It is not the same substance after it is broken down. . (Also known as chemical digestion) Digestion: the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb Digestive System: a group of organs that take in food and change it into a form the body can use Elimination: the stage of digestion in which undigested material passes out of the body as waste Ingestion: the act of eating or drinking Nutrition: the process of how your body obtains raw material from food Physical change: when large food particles are broken down into smaller pieces of the same substance. (Also known as mechanical digestion) The Human Digestive System: Alimentary Canal: digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus Pharynx: upper portion of the throat Esophagus: connects the pharynx to the stomach Stomach: elastic, muscular sac where some chemical and mechanical digestion occur Small intestine: long narrow tube where digestion is completed and absorption of most nutrients takes place Liver: produces bile (a digestive liquid) Gallbladder: stores bile Pancreas: produces and secretes digestive juices 1/5 Villi: small, finger-like projections in the small intestine that absorb nutrients Large intestine: wide, short tube from which water is absorbed into the body Feces: undigested food material and other waste products Rectum: stores feces until they are expelled from the body Anus: passageway for feces to exit the body Match the following parts to their correct structure on the digestive system diagram: _____ Anus _____ Appendix _____ Esophagus __F__ Gallbladder _____ Large Intestine _____ Liver __J__ Pancreas __A__ Pharynx _____ Rectum _____ Salivary Gland _____ Small Intestine _____ Stomach _____ Tongue 2/5 Name: _________________________________ Date: __________________ Class: _______ NOTES: The Human Digestive System (Concepts 29.1 and 29.2) This is the note document to go along with the PowerPoint (instead of handing out the slides) Biology: Exploring Life 29.1 – Nutrition depends on digestion and absorption Biology: Exploring Life 29.2 – Each region of the digestive tube is specialized The Digestive Tract The digestive tract is the tube through which food is processed in the body. It extends from the mouth through the anus Mouth • Food is taken in here, and mixed with saliva. • Contains: – Teeth: which begin physical digestion – Tongue: helps mix food with saliva, aids in swallowing – Salivary glands: produce saliva • Enzymes in saliva begin chemical digestion of starch Types of human teeth Location of taste buds on the tongue: Esophagus (Pharynx) • Tube that squeezes food from the mouth to the stomach Stomach • Begins digestion of protein • Produces pepsin and acid • Stores food temporarily • Made of smooth muscle 3/5 Stomach Facts! • Food usually takes around 24 hours to be fully digested, although spicy or fatty foods can sometimes take up to 72 hours. • Glands in the stomach produce hydrochloric acid. The hydrochloric acid of the stomach is so strong will easily eat through a cotton handkerchief. In one case in California, a penny swallowed four days earlier by a two-year-old was found riddled with holes • Your stomach has to produce a new layer of mucus every two weeks otherwise it will digest itself • Cows have four stomachs • A frog throws up by dragging its stomach outside body and cleaning it. Then it stuffs its stomach back in its body! it its Small Intestine • Finishes digesting fats, carbohydrates and proteins • Villi in the small intestine! • The small intestine sends nutrients into the blood after they are absorbed by tiny villi (finger-like protrusions from the small intestine). • This picture was taken with a camera hooked up to a special type of microscope that allows us to see the small villi on the surface of a small intestine. • You could not see the villi without a microscope. Diagram of villi in the small intestine 4/5 Pancreas • Produces pancreatic juice, which has many digestive enzymes that get sent to the small intestine Liver • Large organ that makes bile • Important in removing toxins and processing digested food Bile Facts! • Bile acts as a detergent, and emulsifies (breaks down into small pieces) the fat in food so it can be absorbed by the small intestine. (This is a physical change) • The human liver produces about 1 L of bile per day. • 95% of bile is reabsorbed and re-used Liver Facts! • The liver regulates blood sugar levels • The liver is the largest internal organ • Because your liver has so many vital functions, you would die within 24 hours if it stopped working. • A common sign of a damaged liver is jaundice, a yellowness of your eyes and skin. This happens when bilirubin, a yellow breakdown product of your red blood cells, builds up in your blood. Gallbladder • Stores bile and empties it into the small intestine Appendix • Finger-like projection attached at the junction between the small and large intestine • Has no function in humans Appendix Information / Facts! • Evidence suggests that our evolutionary ancestors used their appendices to digest tough food like tree bark, but we don't use ours in digestion now. • Some scientists believe that the appendix will disappear from the human body because we don’t use it • In animals that eat grasses, tree bark and bushes, the appendix holds bacteria that help to digest cellulose. Large Intestine • Also called the colon • Absorbs water from waste material • Forms feces Rectum and Anus • The rectum stores feces until they are excreted • Feces exit the body through the anus 5/5