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Community Ecology Relationships Between Organisms AP Biology Ecological Niches • A species' niche includes: • Habitat - where it lives in the ecosystem • Relationships - all interactions with other species in the ecosystem • Nutrition - its method of obtaining food Competition • Competition = when two species compete for the same resource • Competition can lead to competitive exclusion or resource partitioning Competitive Exclusion • Competitive Exclusion Theory – 2 species cannot occupy the same niche – If 2 species occupy the same niche, then they will compete until one eliminates the other (becomes extinct) Resource Partitioning • If one species’ niche is modified through natural selection, then it will be able to coexist with the other species (that it competed with before). – niche differentiation – Modified use of resources Character Displacement • Is evidence of previous competition between species • Allopatric Speciation = speciation that occurs in species that are geographically isolated from each other • Sympatric Speciation = speciation that occurs in species that live in the same area Character displacement • How does the diagram show evidence of competition? • When the populations live together, character displacement occurs in order for the populations to co-exist (sympatric speciation) Animal Defenses: Aposematic coloring Coloring or markings to warn off predators Animal Defenses : Cryptic coloration Coloring that disguises an animal’s shape Animal Defenses: Batesian Mimicry A species mimics a successful species but lacks the actual attribute– “pretending to be harmful” harmful Not harmful Scarlet king snake Müllerian Mimicry A species resembles another successful (harmful) species and shares the attribute (is also harmful) Monarch butterfly Viceroy butterfly Plant Defenses Against Herbivory • Thorns and spines • Glandular hairs – store and secrete toxins • Deposition of crystals in plant tissues – makes tissues tougher • Chemical compounds – May be distasteful or toxic to animals – May cause abnormal development in animals Images taken without permission fron http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/cses/1998-02/Glandular_hair_leaf_72dpi.JPG and http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/plantguides/jpgs/LOGA-stry-toxi-pan-2735.jpg Summary of Species-Species Interactions Competition -/- Predation +/- Herbivory +/- Parasitism +/- Disease (Pathogen) +/- Mutualism +/+ Commensalism +/0 Keystone Species • species that has a strong influence on its ecosystem. – Ex. Sea otters, prairie dogs • If it is not there will cause populations of other species in the ecosystem to go down or become extinct; • Can drastically change the ecosystem even though it isn’t the most abundant species. – Dominant species = most abundant species Images taken without permission from http://animal.discovery.com/mammals/prairie-dog/ and http://carinbondar.com/2010/11/this-weeks-cool-biology-job-sea-otter-population-ecologist/