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Notes 2
2010/09/20
Sensation and Perception
Chapter 6
General Psychology
Department of Psychology and Counseling
Sensation:
Stimulation of sense organs.
“Raw material that transforms the brain into a mind”
Perception:
organization& interpretation of sensory stimulation.
“how we make sense of our w orld”
Virgil.
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Visual agnosia: inability to integrate visual information into an appropriate
perception.
Absolute Thresholds
The minimum intensity of a stimulus that we can detect 50% of the time.
Just noticeable difference (JND)
Smallest change in sensation that a person ids able to detect 150% of the time. “the
stronger the stimulus ”, the bigger the change needed for change in
sensory adaptation
gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation
2010/09/22
Visible Spectrum: What humans can see?
Wavelengthttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31h determines color
we see.
Cornea: bends light to focus; protects
Iris colored muscle, dilates/ constricts pupil
Pupil: where light passes through
Lens: focus light on back of eye (retina)
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Accommodation: lens changes shape to focus on near/ far objects
The Retina
Retina: Contains cells that convert light to neural impulses.
Cones: day vision, perceive color & fine detail
Fovea center where light hits clear estpoint of vision. Only cones.
Light hits retina
Visual Pathways
Optic nerves: bundles of axons that connect eye with brain
Optic chiasm: crossover point for visual information
20100924
Audition =Hearing
Vibration, pattern of wavelike movements in molecules of air
Something moves, jolting air molecules, which collide with other nearby molecules.
Ear
detects
air
pressure
changes
&http://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31 creates neural impulse
Brain decodes as a sound
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The Human Ear
Outer: Eardrum
Moves in response to sound waves
Middle: Ossicles: amplify
Inner: oval window; vibrates fluid in Cochiea
Fluid presses against
Basilar membrane, which vibrates organ of corti, which contains.
Hair cell receptors for sound
Hair cells bend
Auditory nerve becomes excited, sending neural impulses to auditory cortex.
Olfaction= smell
Olfaction: chemical sense of smell
Receptor cells in nose send message to olfactory bulb, which stimulates O nerve,
which…
Sends info to temporal lobe and memory areas in limbic system.
Gustation= taste
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20100929
Automatic Processing
Reading the Words Aloud
States of Consciousness
Circadian Rhythms
24 hours biological cycle
body temperaturhttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31e
sleep wake cycle
controlled by suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothatamus
what facilitated sleep?
Pineal gland
To start or stop producing hormone melatonin
20101001
Sleep study
Polysemnography is a study of sleep cycles and behavior
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Left eye movements
Right eye movements
Emg(muscle tension)
Two categories of Sleep
NREM: quiet sleep
REM: active sleep
Stages of sleep
Awake, alert beta waves low voltage ,random, & fast
Hypnogogic states occur as we enter stage 1
Stage 2 theta waves with
Sleep spindles, K complex
(first “true” stage ) k-complex seems to be associated with brief awakenings often
in response to external strmuli.
Stage 3 & 4 delta waves
Low frequency, high voltage, deep sleep
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Rem sleep
Cycle backward: 4-3-2-Rhttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31EM
Beta waves(alert)
2010/10/04
REM sleep
Cycle backwards: 4-3-2-REM
Beta waves (alert)
Body paralyzed
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Oftern act out dreams thrashing yelling, running out of bed, & sometimes, hurting
others around them. They might getu out of bed and move around, but the only sensations
they feel are those occurring in their dreams.
20 years of studying RBD, Mashowald and Schenck have found that 70 percent of otherwise
healthy patients with the sleep disorder have gone on develop Parkinson;s disease
or a related disease usually within 10 or15 years.
90-110 minute cycle before entering REM
4-5 episodes of REM sleep per night
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A typical Night’s Sleep for a Young Adult
20% of night in REM
50% in Stage 2
7% in 3
10%-15% in 4
Why Sleep?
Restorative
theory:
restores
mhttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31ind/body NREM
Memory Consolidation: enhance & consolidate day’s learning
Evolutionary theory: Protection The lion and the lamb shall lie down together but
the lamb will not be very sleepy”
Woody Allen (from Love and death)
Growth: pituitary gland releases hormone, esp. in stages 3 and 4.
Usually, how many hours sleep do you get per night?
5 or less 16%
six
27%
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seven 28%
eight 28%
2001 average = 6.7 hours 1943 average =7.6 hours
Microsleeps
2-3 second lapses in wakefulness
Dreams
Hallucinations of the sleeping mind.
REM Rebound Effect
Deprived of REM sleep one night, spend more time in REM the next.
What DO we dream about?
54% of dreams associated with sadness, fear, or anger
Aggression reported more frequently than friendship
18% of dreams were happy http://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31or
exciting.
29% of dreams were in color.
Sleep disturbances
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Parasomnias: unusual behaviors during sleep.
Sleepwalking: delta, beta, alpha waves
Sleep terrors: stage 4
Nightmares: REM
Sleep talking: ant stage
20101006
chapter 7
theories of learning : Behavior & Cognition
classical conditioning
iohn Pavlov
1920
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
1958
Observational Learning
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Albert Bandura
1989
learning defined
Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results
form experience.
Primary value of learning? It’s adaptable!
Key to learning is through associations!
Behaviorism:1920’s – 1960’s
Classical conditioning
Ivan Paviov and Classical Conditioning
Discovered by ahttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31ccident
Original work in digestion; won nobel prize
2 Kinds of Reflexes
Unconditioned: unlearned, innate, occur automatically
Classical conditioning
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Learning where a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was
originally evoked by another stimulus.
Unconditioned association
Unconditioned response (UCR) : reflexive, unlearned, involuntary, auto matic
response.
Unconditioned stimulus(UCS): initial stimulus that naturally & automatically brings
forth the unconditioned response.
Conditioned association
Neutral stimulus: unassociated stimulus
Conditioned stimulus(CS): starts as a neutral stimulus, but after reeated pairings
with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with & elicits a conditioned
response
Conditioned respnse (CR): responses similar to, if not identical to, the
unconditioned rehttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31sponse.
Emotional, physiological, involuntary.
Little Albert experiment
John Watson
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Forward Conditioning
Quickest & works best
CS presented immediately before US
Classical conditioning terms
Extinction: breaking of association betweent US & CS eliminates CR
Spontaneous Reconvery: re-ergence of an extinguished conditioned response ager a rest
period
Generalization: the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the
conditioned stimulus.
Discrimination: ability to distingusish between different stimuli
Operant conditioning gets its start
Edward thomdike: instrumental learning
Puzzle box: wanted to see if animals could think
Law of effect:
Connections between a stimulus& response will be strengthened if the response is
followed
by
a
satisfying
consequence
&
weakened
if
the
response
http://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31followed by discomfort.
is
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20101011
Operant Conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Responses are voluntary
Response comed first
Consequence follows is decideing factor in whether response in repeated
A type of learning in which response come to be controlled by them consequence Shping
Technique of gradually molding a desired behavior (response ) by reinfording
responses that become progressively closer to it
Behavioral consequences
Consequence an outcome that occurs after a hehavior is demonstated()
Reinforcer: any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a prior response
reinforcement receive something desired.
Negative reinforcement remove something undesired
Both strengthen behavior
Positive
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Behavioral consequences
Punisher: any stimulus that decrease the likehood that a hehavior will occur again
Preshttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31entation
punishment:
receive something undesired.
Removal punishment remove something desired
Both weaken behavior
Continuous: each desired response is enforced.
Intermittent: desired response reinforced only periodically
1. interval schedules are dependent on time.
interval schedules – time
fixed-interval: occurs when person is renforced with intervals that predictable.
Variable-interval: occurs when person is renforced after unpredictable amount of
time.
Fixed-ratio: occure when learner is renforced after a predictable number of
responses.
20101013
motivation chapter 10
Motivation
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Goal-directed behavior
Chararteristics:
Activation
Persistence
Intensity
Distinctions of motivation
Extrinsic: desire to gain something external.
Intrinsic:
desire
to
fain
something
intehttp://www.51wendang.com/doc/daf8d945d0da9369091e5a31ral.
Theories of motivation
Physiological need to remove an unpleasant state of tension
Arousal theory
Motivation comes from a need to achieve and maintain an optimum level of arousal.
Incentive theory
We behave in ways that produce something valued from the environment. Maslow’s
hierarchy of need’s
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Abraham maslow 1908-1970
‘one’s only rival is one’s own prtentialities. One’s only failure is failing to
live up to one’s own possibilities’
man is awanting animal & no sooner is one desire satisfied than another is taking
its place’
esteam needs
respect self worth confidence
physiologic at needs
food water air sleep
aesthetic needs
thruth, beauty ,order, justice ,unity
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