Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Viral phylodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Bacteriophage wikipedia , lookup
Ebola virus disease wikipedia , lookup
Oncolytic virus wikipedia , lookup
Virus quantification wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to viruses wikipedia , lookup
Henipavirus wikipedia , lookup
Social history of viruses wikipedia , lookup
Invasive Diseases Also known as Contagious Disease Communicable Disease Transmissible Disease Caused by a pathogen that causes disease Not all infections cause disease that can be transmitted Pathogens Viruses Bacteria Parasites Fungi Protozoa Prions can be: Plants People Animals Bacteria Other Single Celled-organisms Transmitted by -Chewing Animals such as Insects -Sucking Insects such as Aphids -Fungi -Single-celled Organisms -People Through Tools or Hands -Generation to Generation Through Seeds and Pollen -Nematodes Don’t infect humans or animals Reduce Yield Deform fruits and vegetables Plum Pox Virus in peaches Tomato Mosaic Virus in cucumbers Pepper mild mottled virus Tobacco Mosaic virus Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Orchids Potatoes infected with Y virus Tobacco Mosaic virus in tomatoes Healthy Eggplant (left) compared to damaged eggplant infected with Tomato Bushy Stunt virus Once plants are infected with viruses little can be done. There is not effective treatment. The best control is prevention. Scientists are working on creating vaccines but they are in the early stages of research. insect control removing weeds that may harbor viruses or their insect vectors grow from seeds for plants that transmit viruses through seed, use indexed seed discard all virus infected plants disinfect tools used for vegetative propagation Transmitted Biting and/or Blood-sucking Insects Coughing Sneezing Fecal-oral Route Direct Blood to Blood Direct Body Fluids Sexual transmission Some Viruses can infect a number of species Other Viruses are Species Specific Viruses can mutate new “strain” of a virus expand host populations alter transmission method Viruses need live tissue Vaccines are used to create immunity to viruses Antivirals can now be used to treat some viruses Tamiflu Relenza Antibiotics viruses! DO NOT work on Foot and Mouth Disease Hemorrhagic Fever Influenza (flu) Avian Influenza Herpes Viruses West Nile Virus Encephalitis Yellow Fever Influenza Virus Distemper Rabies Measles Polio Chickenpox Smallpox Girl with Smallpox in Bangladesh in 1973 Single-celled microorganisms Rods, spheres, spirals Reproduce by Binary fission http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binary_fission_anim.gif Live in every environment on earth Soil Fresh water Salt water Acidic hot springs On all surfaces In very inhospitable places Live in and on the human body Live in and on plants and animals Very important in nutrient cycles Nitrogen fixation Decomposition Some bacteria beneficial Probiotics Fermented foods Cheese Yogurt Pickles Sourdough bread Some bacteria live symbiotically Some bacteria harmful pathogens Most bacteria do not affect humans, plants or other animals Most bacteria have not been classified or studied Cholera Tuberculosis Anthrax Leprosy Syphilis Bubonic plague Bacterial pneumonia Tetanus Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E.-coli-growth.gif Exist virtually everywhere including in the air So transmission is possible by every means Bacterial can live for years in very inhospitable environments Spores in soil Bacteria do not only cause disease in plants and animals Bacteria cause food spoilage Bacteria cause food-borne illnesses Food preservation and pasteurization techniques are used to prevent both Live in or on a host and cause harm Nourishment Protection May be as small as a single cell Protozoa 1 to 2 micometers May be a large worm Helminths Just long visible to naked eye to 2 meters May have a single permanent host Or many intermediary hosts In animals, often excreted in feces Infest animals and plants Humans Mammals Birds Insects Transmitted from human to human Transmitted from animal to animal Transmitted from human to animal Transmitted from animal to human Transmitted from human to bird to mammal and back to human May be transmitted by insect vectors Transmitted from fecal contamination Transmitted from direct blood contamination Transmitted by vectors Found in food or water Cause foodborne illness Cause waterborne illness Can range from mild discomfort to debilitating illness or even death Transmitted primarily through fecal contamination Trichomoniasis Malaria Giardia Cryptosporidium Cyclospora Toxoplasmosis Trichinosis Tapeworms Proper hand washing with soap Drink either municipal treated water or boil water Cook foods thoroughly Do not swallow or breath in water when swimming Consume only pasteurized beverages Use gloves when handling uncooked meat, cat litter, gardening. Athlete’s Foot/Jock Itch Yeast Infections (Candida) Thrush Ringworm Diaper Rash Fungal Sinusitis Nail Fungus Histoplasmosis Powdery Mildew Fusarium Wilt Root rots Phytopthora infestans – late blight Cause Powdery Mildew of the Irish Potato Famine Still the most pathogen of potato crops Transmitted by contact with fungal spores Transmitted by air Treated with antifungal agents in humans and animals Treated with fungicides in plants Malaria, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasmosis African Sleeping Sickness Amebic Dysentery Transmitted by insect vectors Tse Tse Fly Malarial mosquito Transmitted in contaminated water Transmitted in contaminated food Contamination with cysts from infested fecal material Proper hand washing with soap Boil water before drinking Cook foods thoroughly Prevent fly contamination of food Drink only pasteurized beverages Strict sanitation when working with lab animals Drug treatments are available Depending upon infestation, a sequential use of several drugs may be used. Chlorine does not kill protozoans so heating water to 122°F is necessary Prions are a caused by a yet to be determined transmission agent cause abnormal folding of proteins in the brain which leads to brain damage Mad Cow Disease – BSE Scrapie Chronic Wasting Disease Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease Kuru The disease is always fatal. No known treatment is available. Brain and spinal tissue is removed from slaughtered animals prior to butchering to prevent any possible contamination by prions.