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Transcript
2 CHAPTER Types of Crime Breaking down crimes into categories is important for measurement of crime, crime prevention, and victim assistance There are six basic categories of criminal behavior in American law Violent Crime Property Crime Public Order Crime White-collar Crime Organized Crime High-tech Crime Types of Crime Violent Crime Also referred to as crimes against persons Classified by degree Four categories 1 Murder – unlawful killing of a human being 2 Sexual assault/rape – coerced actions of a sexual nature with unwilling participant 3 Assault/battery – two separate acts 4. Assault is the threat or attempt to do violence Battery is the act of physically contacting another person with the intent to do harm Robbery Taking property from another person through force or the threat of force Types of Crime Property Crime Crimes of economic gain or property damage The most common type of crime Categories: 1. 2. 3. 4. Larceny/theft – taking property from another person without force, intent to keep property Burglary – breaking and entering into a structure without permission with intent to commit a felony Motor Vehicle Theft – theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle Includes any commonly used transport method Does not include watercraft or farm equipment Arson – willful and malicious burning Home Automobile Commercial building Types of Crime Public Order Crime: Linked to the consensus model Behaviors considered contrary to public values and morals Sometimes (incorrectly) referred to as “victim-less” crimes May create an environment that causes violent and property crimes Include: Public drunkenness Prostitution Gambling Illicit drug use Discussion Question #1 Are public order crimes really victimless? Do you think the government continues to spend billions of dollars to apprehend, prosecute, and sentence people who are guilty of public order crimes? Are there any public order crimes you believe should be decriminalized? Types of Crime White Collar Crime: Illegal acts committed by an individual or business entity Broadly used term Difficult to determine with any certainty Estimates that white collar crime costs $3.5 trillion per year worldwide Organized Crime Illegal acts carried out by illegal organizations engaged in the market for illegal goods or services Illicit drugs Firearms Prostitution Gambling Types of Crime High-Tech Crime Newest variation on crime Crimes directly related to the increased use of computers and technology by society The Internet is the site of many cyber crimes Selling pornographic materials Soliciting minors Defrauding consumers through bogus financial investments Measuring Crime in the United States The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is one major data source for criminologists Produced by the FBI; began in 1930 18,300 policing agencies send annual data on: The data is presented as a: Number of persons arrested Number of crimes reported by victims, witnesses, and the police Police employee data Rate per 100,000 people Percentage change from previous years Divides criminal offenses into two categories Part I Index Offenses Part II Index Offenses Measuring Crime in the United States UCR Part I Offenses Crimes considered to be the most serious Measuring Crime in the United States UCR Part II Offenses All other crimes recorded by the FBI Outweigh Part I offenses Generally less serious than part I and carry lighter punishments Nineteen categories; most common being: Drug abuse violations Simple assaults Driving under the influence Disorderly conduct Measured only by “arrest” data Approximately 10 million arrests for Part II offenses annually Measuring Crime in the United States The National Incident-Based Reporting System The Department of Justice (DOJ) began seeking ways to improve data system NIBRS was the result Local agencies collect data on single crime occurrence 22 different offense categories with 46 specific crimes (Group A) 32 states are now NIBRS certified Benefits compared to UCR are that information is provided on: Offenses Victims Offenders Arrestees Measuring Crime in the United States Differences between NIBRS and UCR Measuring Crime in the United States Victim Surveys Alternate method of data collection Criminologists or other researchers ask the crime victims directly about their victimization First administered in 1966 Results indicate a much higher level of victimization than UCR Measures reported and unreported crime Unaffected by police bias and distortions in reporting crime to the FBI Gives a better indication of the “dark figure of crime” Email Phone surveys The actual amount of crime since most crimes are never reported to the police The government created an ongoing survey known as the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) in 1972 Measuring Crime in the United States Questions from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Discussion Question #2 Play the role of crime analyst! Using www.fbi.gov find the most recent crime rates in your city or the city closest to you. What are the rates for violent and property crime? Do a quick anonymous survey in the class about the student’s victimization. Do the crime rates in UCR compare to the victimization rates reported in the class? What may be the causes for the differences between the two data collection measures? Discuss the trends in crime rates for your selected city. Measuring Crime in the United States Self-Reported Surveys Third major data source for criminologists Participants report their criminal behaviors Personal interviews Telephone interviews Questionnaires Research suggests they are forthcoming and honest There is no penalty for admitting to criminal activity Compared to UCR and NCVS, self-report data offers the best measure for the dark figure of crime Crime Trends Presently enjoying historically low levels of crime according to UCR and NCVS Theories to explain declining crime rates: Improvements in law enforcement Aging population DNA fingerprinting and information based policing techniques The median age in the U.S. is 37 Older people commit fewer crimes than younger people End of crack cocaine epidemic Gentrification of former high-crime neighborhoods Crime Trends Leveling Off: Crime in the 2010s In 2012, UCR showed no change in violent and property crime rates In 2012, NCVS measured a 15% increase in violent crime and 12% increase in property crime Crime Trends Crime, Race, and Poverty Not all societal groups benefited equally from this positive crime trend Race There is a divergence in crime trends between the races Class Results have been less positive for African Americans Neighborhoods with higher levels of disadvantage have higher violent crime rates Ethnicity Not a lot of research on the relationship between ethnicity and crime Starting to see more interest Crime Trends Women and Crime Crime is mostly a male dominated activity 13% of jail populations are women 7% of prison populations are women 26% of all arrests involve women There is an increasing female presence in the criminal justice system The life circumstances and behavior of women dramatically changed in the past 40 years The criminal justice system’s attitude toward women has changed over the past 40 years Discussion Question #3 What are some local cases that show the increased involvement of women committing criminal acts? What are some national cases that show the increased involvement of women committing criminal acts? What are some international cases that show the increased involvement of women committing criminal acts? What are your thoughts about how the women are handled in the criminal justice system compared to men? What Causes Crime? Criminology: The scientific study of crime and the causes of criminal behavior There are different reasons why people commit crimes Mental illness Video games Low self-control What Causes Crime? Correlation and Causation There is a difference between the two Correlation is the relationship between two measurements or behaviors that tend to move together in the same direction Causation is the relationship in which a change is one measurement or behavior creates a recognizable change in another measurement or behavior Post partum depression and infanticide Post partum depression does not cause violent behavior Correlation does not equal causation There is a correlation between many factors and criminal behavior Difficult to prove that factors directly cause criminal behavior What Causes Crime? The Role of Theory Theory: An explanation of a happening or circumstance that is based on observation, experimentation, and reasoning Hypothesis: A possible explanation for an observed occurrence that can be tested by further investigation What Causes Crime? The Brain and the Body Rational Choice Theory Trait Theories of Crime Thrill Offenders Rational Choice Theory and Public Policy Biological and psychological Genetics and crime Hormones and Aggression Mental Illness and crime Psychology and Crime Trait Theories and Public Policy Discussion Question #4 Should we use brain scans on children to see if there is a possibility for future criminal offending? Discuss the pros and cons of brain scanning. What Causes Crime? Bad Neighborhoods and Other Economic Disadvantages Social Disorganization Theory Strain Theory Social Conflict Theories Life Lessons and Criminal Behavior Social Process Theories Learning Theory Control Theory Life Course Theories Self-control Theory Victims of Crime Criminology has mostly focused on the offender Only in the past decade has there been a focus of the victim Emergence of Victimology Relationships between victims and offenders and the interactions between the victims and the criminal justice system The Risks of Victimization Routine Activities Theory believes that criminal acts require: A likely offender A suitable target Absence of capable guardian Repeat Victimization The Victim-Offender Connection Victims of Crime Women as Crime Victims Sexual Violence Other Common Crimes Against Women Domestic violence Stalking Mental Illness and Victimization Mentally ill people are much more likely to be victims of crime than perpetrators Recommendations for increasing services such as treatment and temporary housing for the mentally ill The Link Between Drugs and Crime The Criminology of Drug Use Many theories used to explain drug use Social disorganization theory Control theory Drugs and the learning process First time users Drug Addiction and Dependency Learn the techniques of drug use Learn to perceive the pleasurable effects of drug use Learn to enjoy the social experience of drug use Drug Use vs. Drug Abuse Addiction Basics The Drug Crime Relationship Prescription Drug Abuse Meth and Heroin Marijuana Legalization