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Chapter 5 Our Sexual Selves Chapter Outline Sexual Development and Orientation Theoretical Perspectives on Human Sexuality Changing Cultural Scripts Negotiating (Hetero)sexual Expression Sexuality Throughout Marriage and Committed Relationships Race/Ethnicity and Sexual Activity Sex as a Pleasure Bond: Making the Time for Intimacy Sexual Expression, Family Relations, and HIV/AIDS The Politics of Sex Sexual Responsibility Sexual Development and Orientation Children’s Sexual Development We are sexual beings throughout our life. As early as 24 hours after birth, male newborns get erections, and infants may touch their genitals. Young children often exhibit overtly sexual behaviors. Sexual Development and Orientation Children’s Sexual Development Between the ages of 2 and 5, a substantial number of children engage in “rhythmic manipulation” of genitals. Children are also interested in seeing nudity, touch their own sex organs, and “play doctor “ (examining another’s genitals). Sexual Development and Orientation Children’s Sexual Development Overall sensual experiences from infancy onward shape later sexual expression. Attachment to parents in infancy and childhood provides the emotional security essential to later sexual relationships. Sexual Development and Orientation Children’s Sexual Development Early sexual behavior peaks at age 5, declining until sexual attraction first manifests itself around age 11 or 12. As the age of puberty has declined, the age at marriage has risen, leaving a more extended period during which sexual activity may occur. Sexual Development and Orientation As we develop into sexually expressive individuals, we manifest a sexual orientation. Sexual orientation refers to whether an individual is drawn to a partner of the same sex or opposite sex. Sexual orientation does not predict sexual behavior, nor aspects of personality such as masculinity or femininity. Sexual Development and Orientation Heterosexuals: Attracted to opposite-sex partners Homosexuals: Attracted to same-sex partners Bisexuals: Attracted to people of both sexes Asexual: Have emotional feelings and made desire intimate relationships with others, just not sexual ones Sexual Development and Orientation A Closer Look At Diversity: Is it Okay to Be Asexual? A newly identified sexual orientation is asexuality Critical Thinking Have you been aware of this concept before reading about it in the text? Does society define it as dysfunctional? Sexual Development and Orientation Sexual orientation is generally perceived as dichotomous, however it may be a continuum Freud, Kinsey, and many present-day psychologists and biologists maintain that humans are inherently bisexual From the interactionist framework, the categories of sexual orientation are social inventions, with individuals sorting themselves into available categories and behaving accordingly Sexual Development and Orientation In time, social pressures to view oneself as either straight or gay may inhibit latent bisexuality or inconsistencies Reasons for the development of a gay sexual orientation has not been definitively established, nor do we understand the development of heterosexuality The APA argues that sexual orientation involves environment, cognitive and biological factors, is shaped at an early age, is not a choice, and cannot be changed at will. Theoretical Perspectives on Human Sexuality The Exchange Perspective: Rewards, Costs, and Equality in Sexual Relationships The Interactionist Perspective: Negotiating Cultural Messages The Exchange Perspective: Rewards, Costs, and Equality in Sexual Relationships Interpersonal Exchange Model of Sexual Satisfaction: Satisfaction depends on the costs and rewards of a sexual relationship, and the participant’s comparison level (what the person expects out of the relationship). Comparison level for alternatives: what are alternative options and how do they compare? Expectations include some degree of equality. The Exchange Perspective: Rewards, Costs, and Equality in Sexual Relationships The Interactionist Perspective: Negotiating Cultural Messages Emphasizes the interpersonal negotiation of relationships in the context of sexual scripts Cultural messages provide reasons for having sexual, who should take the initiative, how long it should last, how important experiencing orgasm is, what positions are acceptable, and whether masturbating is appropriate. More recent cultural messages are concerned with technology, for example, “sexting.” The Interactionist Perspective: Negotiating Cultural Messages Sexual scripts influence women and men, and are learned from their culture. Sex partners assign meaning to their sexual activity. Sex is symbolic of something, i.e., affection, communication, recreation or play. Sex has different cultural meanings in different social settings. The Interactionist Perspective: Negotiating Cultural Messages Self-disclosure and physical pleasure are key quality ins building sexually intimate relationships. Tenderness is a form of sexual expression valued not just as a prelude to sex but also as an end in itself. Changing Cultural Scripts From Colonial times until the 19th century, purpose of sex in America was defined as reproductive. Sex became significant to many as a means of communication and intimacy beginning in the 19th century and flourishing in the 20th century. Changing Cultural Scripts Early America: Patriarchal Sex Patriarchal sexuality is characterized by beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors developed to protect the male line of descent. Men are to control women’s sexuality. Has been challenged, but it persist to some extent Changing Cultural Scripts The Twentieth Century: The Emergence of Expressive Sexuality Sexuality is seen as basic to the humanness of both women and one; there is no one-sided sense of ownership. Sex is an important means of enhancing human intimacy. Changing Cultural Scripts The 1960s Sexual Revolution: Sex for Pleasure The availability of birth control and changes in laws allowed intercourse to become separate from pregnancy, and helped reverse the idea that the state held sway over sexual and reproductive decisions. Changing Cultural Scripts The 1960s Sexual Revolution: Sex for Pleasure Attitudes and behavior regarding sex changed: In 1959, 80% stated disapproval of sex outside marriage. In 2006, 25% said it was “always wrong.” Changing Cultural Scripts The 1960s Sexual Revolution: Sex for Pleasure Attitudes and behavior regarding sex changed: The rate of nonmarital sex and the number of partners rose, while age at first intercourse dropped---7.6% of young people were having sexual intercourse before the age of 13 Sexual Experience of High School Students by Race/Ethnicity and Gender, 2005 Changing Cultural Scripts The 1980s and 1990s: Challenges to Heterosexism Heterosexism: taken-for-granted system of beliefs, values, and customs that places superior values on heterosexual behavior and that denies or stigmatizes nonheterosexual relations Changing Cultural Scripts The 1980s and 1990s: Challenges to Heterosexism Gays and lesbians have become increasingly visible and have also challenged the notion that heterosexuality is the one proper form of sexual expressions Do you think gay or lesbian relations between consenting adults should or should not be legal? Changing Cultural Scripts Comparing Gay Male and Lesbian Sexual Behaviors Lesbian relationships are the “least sexualized,” have sex less frequently than gay men, report greater sexual satisfaction than do heterosexual women. Significant percentages of men in both homoand heterosexual monogamous relationships had slept with someone other than their own partner. Changing Cultural Scripts Comparing Gay Male and Lesbian Sexual Behaviors Patterns of sexual frequency and satisfaction in gay and lesbian relationships resemble those of heterosexual marriage and cohabitation. Changing Cultural Scripts The Twenty-First Century: Risk, Caution—and Intimacy HIV/AIDS Sexting Negotiating (Hetero)sexual Expression Four Standards for Sex Outside Committed Relationship: Abstinence Permissiveness with Affection Permissiveness without Affection The Double Standard Issues for Thought: “Hooking Up” and “Friends with Benefits” What do you think about the advisability of hooking up or having friends with benefits? How might a researcher from an interactionist perspective investigate the way that couples bridge the gap between “hooking up” and “married with children”? Negotiating (Hetero)sexual Expression Sexual Fidelity The proscription against extramarital sex is stronger in the U.S. than in other parts of the world. 92% consider it “morally wrong.” Over a lifetime, approximately 25-50% of married men and women are going to cheat on their partner. Negotiating (Hetero)sexual Expression Sexual Fidelity Risk factors As a rational decision, individuals contemplate the decision to engage in an extramarital affair Loneliness is an important factor Cyberadultery: adultery on the net Negotiating (Hetero)sexual Expression Sexual Fidelity Effects of Sexual Infidelity Jealousy Creates a crises Increased attention to couple communication Placing a higher value on value Mixed data on whether it “causes” divorce Sexuality throughout Marriage and Committed Relationships How Often? Sexual activity is highest among young marrieds. Proportion of sexually active spouses gradually diminishes until about age fifty, when sharp declines are evident. Sexuality throughout Marriage and Committed Relationships Fewer Good Weeks Married couples have sex more often than single individuals, although less often than cohabiting couple. About 40% of married individuals said they had intercourse at least twice a week. Sexuality throughout Marriage and Committed Relationships Young Spouses Young spouses have sexual intercourse more frequently than do older mates. After a few years, frequency declines: Honeymoon period subsides Children Jobs Housework Financial worries Sexuality throughout Marriage and Committed Relationships Spouses in Middle Age On average, as people get older, they have sex less often. Physical aging is most important explanation, but is not the only one. Marital satisfaction is second largest predictor of sexual frequency. Sexuality throughout Marriage and Committed Relationships Older Partners 56% of individuals age 45 and older agreed that a satisfying sexual relationship is important to one’s quality of life. 73% of people aged 57 to 64 and 53% of people aged 65 to 74 remain sexual active. Sexuality throughout Marriage and Committed Relationships What about Boredom? Habituation: the decreased interest in sex that results from the increased accessibility of a sexual partner and the predictability in sexual behavior over time Emotion Labor: Women, through their gendered work at home, display certain emotions that they believe are expected of them. Race/Ethnicity and Sexual Activity Non-Hispanic black (28%) and Hispanic men (18%) were more likely to have had multiple sexual partners than were non-Hispanic white men (13%) and men from other racial/ethnic groups (9%) Asians report fewer sexual experiences and later first sexual experiences than whites or Hispanics Research on married couples suggest that sexual frequency does not vary significant with race, social class or religion Sex as Pleasure Bond: Making the Time for Intimacy Pleasure Bond: Partners commit themselves to expressing their sexual feelings with each other. Sexual Responsibility: Each partner assumes responsibility for his or her own sexual response. Planning for time alone and to be intimate is important for couples. The presence and age of children can impact this ability to plan for intimacy. Sexual Expression, Family Relations, and HIV/AIDS HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus Rates of new HIV diagnoses increased 15% between 2004 and 2007 Facts about Families: Who Has HIV/AIDS? Over one million people are living with HIV or full-blown AIDS 40% Black 38% White 16% Hispanic Less than 1% for other groups Around 70% of AIDS cases were diagnosed in people aged 25 to 44 10% of cases found among those age 50+ Facts about Families: Who Has HIV/AIDS? Estimated rate of AIDS cases reported among adults and adolescents by race/ethnicity, 2005 AIDS diagnoses by Transmission Category, US, 1985 & 2007 The transformation of AIDS diagnosis. What was once considered a “gay disease” has become more prevalent in the heterosexual population. Sexual Expression, Family Relations, and HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS and Gay Men May gay men modified their sexual behavior in the 1980s A 25% decrease in new cases of male-tomale transmission of HIV/AIDS from 20042007 Life expectancy is now between 30 and 40 years with antiretroviral therapy Sexual Expression, Family Relations, and HIV/AIDS Telling one’s family that one has HIV/AIDS can create a crisis. Shame and isolation Emotional, financial and physical burdens Caregiving Loss of friends, lovers, or family members Sexual Expression, Family Relations, and HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS and Children Most children with AIDS contracted it from their mothers during pregnancy, at birth or through breast milk. HIV transmission is reduced from 25% to less than 2% is mothers are diagnosed and take appropriate medicines. Children with AIDS may be abandoned, or raised by grandparents or foster parents. The Politics of Sex Politics and Research Several research projects regarding sexual behavior have been cancelled because of the politicization of research. Such politicization also relates to the denial of funding, censuring of materials already available, or restating research to support a political ideology. The Politics of Sex Adolescent Sexuality and Sex Education 47.8% of high school students report having had sexual intercourse (2007). A decline from 1991 (54%) This predates an emphasis on “abstinence-only” sex education programs 55% of males ages 15-19 and 54% of females engage in oral sex The Politics of Sex Sex Education “Abstinence Only” programs focus on abstention from sexual relations unless in a monogamous marriage, and argues this is the only protection against sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy “Abstinence-Plus” programs include a discussion of contraception and AIDS prevention Who should teach children about sex, and what parents want sex education to teach their children? Who should teach children about sex, and what parents want sex education to teach their children? Who should teach children about sex, and what parents want sex education to teach their children? Sexual Responsibility Principles of sexual responsibility that may serve as guidelines for sexual decisionmaking: Possibility of Pregnancy Possibility of contracting STDs or transmitting them to someone else Communicating with partners or potential sexual partners Responsibility to self: decisions made according to own values Quick Quiz 1. The APA argues that which of the following plays a role in a person’s sexuality? a) Environmental factors b) Cognitive factors c) Biological factors d) All of the above Answer: d The APA states that sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive, and biological factors. 2. __________ is characterized by many beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors developed to protect the male line of descent. a) Paternal sexuality b) Patriarchal sexuality c) Expressive sexuality d) Asexuality Answer: b Patriarchal sexuality is characterized by many beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviors developed to protect the male line of descent. 3. __________ is viewing homosexuals with fear, dread, aversion, or hatred. a) heterosexuality b) heterosexism c) homophobia Answer: c Homophobia is viewing homosexuals with fear, dread, aversion, or hatred. 4. Married couples have sex ______ than single individuals. a) Slightly less often b) Significantly less often c) More often Answer: c Married couples have sex more often than single individuals. 5. Which of the following is true of adolescent sexual activity? a) Teen sexual intercourse rates have declined from 1991. b) Adolescents are sexually active. c) Around half of adolescents report engaging in oral sex. d) All of the above. Answer: d In regards to adolescent sexual activity, teen sexual intercourse rates have declined from 1991, adolescents are sexually active, and around half of adolescents report engaging in oral sex.