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JOSE S. SANTIAGO M.D. Gastrointestinal Tract Digestion- breakdown of food into smaller parts Absorption- food molecules are distributed throughout the body 2 Gastrointestinal Tract Regions Oral cavity Mouth Pharynx Throat 3 Gastrointestinal Tract Regions Esophagus Stomach Small and large intestines 4 GI Tract Accessory organs Connected to the digestive tract by ducts Secrete substances to aid in digestion and absorption 5 GI Tract Accessory organs Salivary glands Pancreas Liver Gallbladder 6 Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas 7 Oral Cavity Buccal mucosa Membrane lining cheeks Hard and soft palates Separate mouth from nasal cavity Uvula Closes off nasal passage during swallowing 8 Oral Cavity Tongue Speech, taste and assist in swallowing Teeth 9 Pharynx Bolus Soft ball of food mixed with saliva Pushed by tongue into the pharynx Deglutition Process of swallowing Epiglottis Covers trachea during swallowing 10 Esophagus Esophagus Begins at pharynx Passes through opening in diaphragm Esophageal hiatus Ends at stomach 11 Esophagus Peristaltic waves Wavelike contractions push bolus down to the stomach 12 Esophagus Sphincters Upper esophageal or pharyngoesophageal Lower esophageal or gastroesophageal or cardiac 13 Stomach Gastric juices added to bolus Mixed by muscle action to create a semiliquid called chyme Rugae allow stretching to accommodate food 14 Stomach Four regions of stomach: Cardia, fundus,body and antrum Lesser and greater curves Pyloric sphincter 15 Small Intestine Coiled within the abdominopelvic cavity – 21 feet long with one inch diameter Regions Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum Plicae circulares and villi Ileocecal valve 16 Small Intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum 17 Large Intestine Five feet long with 2.4 inch diameter Function Absorb water, vitamin K, some B vitamins and eliminate waste (defecation) 18 Large Intestine Forms arch Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon Appendix 19 Large Intestine Regions Cecum, colon, rectum 20 Anal canal, anus, external and internal sphincters Accessory Organs – Salivary Glands Three pairs of glands Parotid Submandibular Sublingual 21 Accessory Organs – Salivary Glands Saliva contains enzyme, salivary amylase Begins digestion of carbohydrates 22 Accessory Organs – Liver and Biliary Tract Liver Weighs about four pounds Located below diaphragm on the RUQ of abdomen Right and left lobes Multiple functions 23 Accessory Organs – Liver and Biliary Tract Biliary system Gallbladder (GB) stores bile until needed in duodenum to digest fats Bile travels through ducts 24 Hepatic duct, cystic, and common bile duct Accessory Organs – Pancreas Located behind stomach Secretes pancreatic juice Pancreatic duct Runs through pancreas and connects to the common bile duct 25 Accessory Organs – Pancreas Sphincter of Oddi Regulates flow of bile and pancreatic juice into duodenum Insulin and glucagon Regulate level of sugar in the bloodstream 26 Peritoneum Lines the abdominopelvic cavity Covered by parietal peritoneum Covers the abdominopelvic organs Covered by visceral peritoneum 27 Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Space between parietal and visceral peritoneums Filled with peritoneal fluid Retroperitoneal Behind the peritoneal cavity 28 Additional Word Parts – Roots Chol/e- bile; gall Cholelithiasis- stone in the gallbladder 29 Additional Word Parts – Roots Cholecyst/o- gallbladder Cholecystitisinflammation of the gallbladder 30 Additional Word Parts – Roots Cholecyst/o- gallbladder Cholecystectomysurgical removal of the gallbladder 31 Additional Word Parts – Roots Hiat/o gape; opening Hiatal-pertaining to an opening Intestin/o intestine Intestinal- pertaining to the intestines Umbilic/o navel Umbilical- pertaining to the umbilicus 32 Additional Word Parts – Suffix -clysis washing; irrigation Gastroclysis- irrigation of the stomach Proctoclysis-washing of the rectum -flux flow Reflux- backward flow 33 Additional Word Parts – Suffix -tresia opening Atresia- no opening -tripsy crushing Lithotripsy- crushing of gallstones 34 Additional Word Parts – Prefix Re Retro- 35 back backward; back Roots Abdomin/o abdomen Abdominal-pertaining to the abdomen An/o anus Perianal-around the anus 36 Roots Append/o; appendic/o appendix Appendicitis- inflammation of the appendix 37 Roots Append/o; appendic/o appendix Appendectomy- surgical removal of the appendix 38 Roots Bil/i bile Biliary- pertaining to bile Bucc/o cheek Buccal mucosa- pertaining to the mucous membrane of the cheek 39 Roots Cec/o cecum Cecopexy- surgical fixation of the cecum 40 Roots Cheil/o lips Cheiloplasty- surgical repair of the lips 41 Roots Cheil/o lips Cheilorrhaphy- suturing of the lips 42 Roots Cholangi/o bile duct; bile vessel Cholangiogram- record of the bile ducts 43 Roots Choledoch/o common bile duct (CBD) Choledochotomy- incision into the common bile duct 44 Roots Col/o; colon/o colon Colitis- inflammation of the colon 45 Roots Col/o; colon/o colon Colostomy- creation of new opening between the colon and abdominal wall 46 Roots Dent/o tooth Edentulous- without teeth Dental caries- tooth decay 47 Roots Duoden/o duodenum Duodenal- pertaining to the duodenum 48 Roots Enter/o small intestine; intestine Enteritis- inflammation of the small intestine Gastroenteritis- inflammation of the stomach and intestines Gastroenterologist-specialist in the study and treatment of diseases of the digestive tract 49 Roots Esophag/o esophagus Esophageal atresia- closure of the esophagus 50 Roots Esophag/o esophagus Gastroesophageal reflux (GER)- backward flow of gastric contents into the esophagus 51 Roots Gastr/o stomach Gastrectomy- excision of the stomach 52 Roots Gastr/o stomach Gastrotomy- to cut into the stomach 53 Roots Gastr/o stomach Nasogastric tube- a tube placed into the nose and extending into the stomach 54 Roots Gingiv/o gums Gingivitis- inflammation of the gums Gloss/o tongue Glossectomy- excision of the tongue 55 Roots Hepat/o liver Hepatitis- inflammation of the liver Hepatoma- tumor of the liver 56 Roots Herni/o hernia; protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it Femoral hernia- displacement of intestines through the femoral canal 57 Roots Herni/o hernia Inguinal hernia- displacement of intestines through the inguinal canal 58 Roots Herni/o hernia Umbilical hernia- displacement of intestines through a weak spot near the umbilicus 59 Roots Herni/o hernia Herniorrhaphy- repair of the hernia 60 Roots ile/o ileum Ileostomy- creation of new opening between the ileum and the abdominal wall Jejun/o jejunum Gastrojejunostomy- new opening between the stomach and jejunum Jejunal- pertaining to the jejunum 61 Roots Labi/o lips Labial- pertaining to the lips Lapar/o abdomen Laparoscope- instrument used to visually examine the abdomen Laparotomy- incision into the abdominal wall 62 Roots Lingu/o tongue Lingual- pertaining to the tongue Lith/o stone Choledocholithiasis- stone in the common bile duct Orex/i appetite Anorexia- loss of appetite 63 Roots Or/o mouth Oral- pertaining to the mouth Pancreat/o pancreas Pancreatitis-inflammation of the pancreas Peritone/o peritoneum Peritonitis-inflammation of the peritoneum Retroperitoneal- behind the peritoneum 64 Roots Pharyng/o throat; pharynx Pharyngeal- pertaining to the pharynx Proct/o rectum Proctologist-specialist in the study of the rectum 65 Roots Pylor/o pylorus; pyloric sphincter Pyloric stenosis- narrowing of the pylorus Rect/o rectum Rectostenosis- narrowing of the rectum 66 Roots Sialaden/o salivary gland Sialadenitis- inflammation of the salivary gland Sigmoid/o sigmoid colon Sigmoidoscopy-process of visually examining the sigmoid colon 67 Roots Steat/o fat Steatorrhea- fat in the feces Stomat/o mouth Stomatitis- inflammation of the mouth Viscer/o internal organs Visceroptosis-drooping of the internal organs 68 Suffixes -chalasia relaxation Achalasia-inability of the muscles of the digestive tract to relax -grade to step; to go Retrograde- backward flow of fluid 69 Suffixes -emesis vomiting Hyperemesis- excessive vomiting Hematemesis-vomiting of blood -lith stone Sialolith-stone in the salivary gland Cholelith- gallstones 70 Suffixes -phagia eating; swallowing Aphagia- no eating Dysphagia-difficulty in eating Polyphagia- excessive eating 71 Suffixes -pepsia digestion Dyspepsia- indigestion -prandial meal Postprandial- after a meal 72 Aging Saliva production decreases Esophageal muscles less forceful Esophageal sphincter changes Loss of stomach elasticity and gastric juices 73 Aging Intestines weaken Liver smaller and decreased enzyme production 74 Common Diseases Crohn’s Disease-chronic inflammatory bowel disease Ulcers- erosion in the mucous membrane producing a crater-like lesion 75 Abbreviations BE CBD ERCP 76 barium enema common bile duct endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Abbreviations GB gallbladder GBS gallbladder series GER/GERD gastroesophageal reflux disorder 77 Abbreviations GI IVC LES 78 gastrointestinal intravenous cholangiogram lower esophageal sphincter Abbreviations NG NGT NPO 79 nasogastric nasogastric tube nothing by mouth Abbreviations PT C S&D TE UGI 80 percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography stomach and duodenum tracheoesophageal upper gastrointestinal THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!!
