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Chapter 8 Test Review The Rise of Rome 8th Grade World History 1 How did Rome’s geography differ from Greece’s? • less rocky •easier to unite • more farming What was Rome’s nickname? “City on Seven Hills” and “Eternal City” 2 Who founded the city of Roma? Romulus & Remus When? April 21, 753 B.C. 3 4 What happened in 509 B.C.? Romans rebelled overthrew cruel Etruscan kings set up a republic soldiers A legion is 6,000 ____________ 5 “Mare Nostrum” means Our Sea - Mediterranean ________________________ 6 7 PATRICIAN A wealthy landowner Members of the ruling class PLEBEIAN common people • Artisans • Farmers • Merchants • Shopkeepers 9 CONSUL Top 2 government officials Patrician men Elected every year 9 10 Who could serve on the Senate? 300 patrician men How long did they serve? For life Who were tribunes? _______________________________ 10 plebeians who brought plebeian concerns before the Senate; had the right to veto 11 12 When could a Roman dictator rule? ___________ In times of emergency and only for 6 months 13 Who was Cincinnatus? Ideal dictator of Rome Compared to ??? 14 Define “forum” marketplace 15 Twelve Tables _ 1st laws of Rome – carved in bronze Where was it located? Forum What is the “rule of law?” Law applies equally to everyone How does it affect us today? It is the basis of our legal system 16 1. People are innocent until proven guilty. 2. People can defend themselves in front of a judge. 3. A judge’s decision is based on evidence. 16 17 Who fought in the Punic Wars? Rome and Carthage Why? For control of Sicily and the Mediterannean Who won? Rome: General Scipio Who was Hannibal? A great Carthaginian general; he invaded Rome from the Alps with an army of 4060,000 soldiers, horse and war elephants. He was defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama. He committed suicide by drinking poision. 17 What policy did wealthy politicians use to win the votes of the poor? • “Bread and Circuses” • This was a welfare and cheap entertainment policy. • It has been referred to as a “Band-Aid” solution. Who were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus? Two brothers who worked to bring reforms to the early Republic; they were murdered in street violence. Tiberius Gaius 19 Define triumvirate. A political alliance of 3 people TRI=3 Who made up the first triumvirate? Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar 20 When did Julius Caesar die? March 15, 44BC “The Ides of March” How did he die? •He was stabbed 23 times by the senators who feared he was too ambitious (Brutus and Cassius) 21 22 What reforms did Caesar make? 1. He gave citizenship to people living in Rome’s territories. 2. He allowed new colonies to provide land for Rome’s homeless. 3. He ordered landowners to hire more free workers. 4. He adopted the Julian calendar. 23 What does “e tu Brute” mean? “And you, Brutus?” These were his last words spoken to his “friend” Brutus when Julius Caesar was assassinated. What happened at the Battle of Actium? Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian 24 25 What title did Octavian take? Augustus, which means “the revered or majestic one” Know the achievements of each Roman emperor: 26 Augustus First Roman Emperor Said “I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.” Know the achievements of each Roman emperor: Hadrian Built famous wall in Britain; this marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire 26 Know the achievements of each Roman emperor: Trajan Empire reached its greatest size 26 Know the achievements of each Roman emperor: Nero CRAZY!! “fiddled while Rome burned” Known for the persecution of the early Christians 26 What was the Pax Romana? “Roman peace” How long did it last? 200 years: from the reign of Augustus Caesar to the reign of Marcus Aurelius 29 30 What was the role of Roman tax collectors? These men were dishonest; many paid for the right to have these jobs. They taxed people heavily because they kept some of the money. 31 Who was Cicero? One of Rome’s greatest public speakers and lawyer. Your test is Friday! STUDY STUDY STUDY