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600 C.E. to 1450 C.E. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 [Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600] Europe in the 6c The Medieval Catholic Church (West) Filled the power vacuum left from the collapse of the classical world. Monasticism: St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience. Provided schools for the children of the upper class. Inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. Libraries &scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts. Monks missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface] The Power of the Medieval Church Bishops and abbots played a large part in the feudal system. The church controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe. Tried to curb feudal warfare only 40 days a year for combat. Curb heresies crusades; Inquisition Tithe 1/10 tax on your assets given to the church. A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium Illuminated Manuscripts Charlemagne: 742 to 814 Charlemagne’s Empire Pope Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor: Dec. 25, 800 The Carolingian Renaissance Carolingian Empire/Equestrian portrait of Charlemagne (Metz, Germany), early ninth century Charlemagne’s Empire Collapses: Treaty of Verdun, 843 Main Parts of a Medieval Castle Chauvigny Castle, France, 11c Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle Parts of a Medieval Castle The Road to Knighthood KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior The Medieval Manor Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work The Rise of European Monarchies: England Romanesque Cathedral Architectural Style Á Rounded Arches. Á Barrel vaults. Á Thick walls. Á Darker, simplistic interiors. Á Small windows, usually at the top of the wall. Romanesque Floor Plans St. Filibert, France, 10c Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade Setting Out on Crusade Christian Crusades: East and West Crusades Impact • • • • • • • Recapture “Lost” Knowledge Books, “Aristotle” Mathematics –”Arabic Numerals” Medical and Surgical Procedures Goods, Trade and Roads Rebuilt Architectural Ideas and Concepts “Tourism” Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 [Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600] Vikings, Magyars, Mongols… • Many of the Nations or “Ethnicities” were formed during the Middle Ages • Germanic Tribes merged with Norsemen, Celts, etc. • Northern Slavs- Modern-day Poles, Czechs, Russians, etc. • Pagans to Roman Catholics Viking Age • Explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic from the late 8th to the mid-11th century. • These Norsemen (Northmen) used their famed longships to travel as far east as Constantinople and the Volga River in what would become Russia, and as far west as Iceland, Greenland, and Newfoundland ---- (Minnesota’s Kensington Runestone c.1364?) • As far south as Al-Andalus Spain • Medieval history of Scandinavia, Great Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe in general. • Norsemen-Normans, Russians- Novgorod and Kiev, Anglo-Saxons, Jutes, Danes, Swedes, etc. Animal head post, from the Oseberg ship burial (Norway), c. 825, wood “gripping beasts” Vikings/ fusion of interlaced pattern and the animal form/ gruesome rituals of human sacrifice/Odin, Thor, and Freya/ Valhalla/ Valkyries/ Two views of the Oseberg ship (Oslo) Left: Wood carved portal of the stave church at Urnes, Norway, c. 1050-1070 Below: drawing of a stave church William the ConquerorNorman: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry) William the Conqueror • To press his claim to the English crown, William invaded England in 1066, leading an army of Normans, Bretons, Flemings, and Frenchmen • Victory over the English forces of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings • Suppressed subsequent English revolts in what has become known as the Norman Conquest William I (r. 1066-1087) • Change of rulers creation of feudal state • Programs of building and fortification • Changes to the English language • Shift in the upper levels of society and the church • Adoption of some aspects of continental church reform Text: Here King Harold was slain, and the English fled. William the Conqueror/ King Harold of England Battle of Hastings in 1066 The Mongols Invade Russia Mongols, Tartars, Turks • Migrations end in conquest even though for some short-lived • In time, many assimilate into the peoples of Europe • Each ethnic group (nation) creates fortifications to defend themselves from the “Barbarian Hordes” The Rise of European Monarchies: France All throughout Europe Kingdoms move toward Unification of peoples of Realm Recreation of the Roman Empire? Reconquesta Magna Carta, 1215 King John I “Great Charter” Monarchs were not above the law. Kings had to consult a council of advisors. Kings could not tax arbitrarily. The Beginnings of the British Parliament Great Council: middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c. Eventually called Parliament. By 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords nobles & clergy. o House of Commons knights and burgesses. Medieval Universities Oxford University Late Medieval Town Dwellings Medieval Trade Medieval Guilds Guild Hall Commercial Monopoly: Controlled membership apprentice journeyman master craftsman Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece]. Controlled prices Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop Crest of a Cooper’s Guild Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 [Renaissance Dates: 1300-1600] Eurasia Timeline Modern Age? Late Middle Ages • • • • the 14th century was a time of great progress within the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the 12th Century Renaissance through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks (1453), when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy The changes brought about by these developments have caused many scholars to see it as leading to the end of the Middle Ages, and the beginning of modern history and early modern Europe. Some historians, particularly in Italy, prefer not to speak of the late Middle Ages at all, but rather see the high period of the Middle Ages transitioning to the Renaissance and the modern era. Gothic Art • Gothic period emerges from France. A.k.a. modern art • 12th to 14th c. and beyond • Elegant, ornate style- Christian and secular styles • Guilds and artistic patronage • Black Death 1347-1350 • The pointed arch, the ribbed vault and the flying buttress The Gothic Cathedral Gothic Floor Plans Canterbury Cathedral, England Gothic Cathedral Architectural Style Á Began in France in the 12c. Á Pointed arches. Á Flying buttresses. Á Stained glass windows. Á Elaborate, ornate interior. Á Taller, more airy à lots of light. Á Lavish sculpture à larger-thanlife. Interior of a Gothic Cathedral Interior of a Gothic Cathedral St. Etienne, Bourges, late 12c “Flying” Buttresses Flying Buttress Gothic “Filigree” Closeups Chartres Cathedral, Paris Jamb Figures Royal Portal The “Pillar People” Cathedral Gargoyles Stained Glass Windows Á For the glory of God. Á For religious instructions. Notre Dame Cathedral 1163-1240 Cathedral of Mont-Saint Michel: A Fortress & A Church Spanish Castle, 14c Late Medieval Church Art Chalice, paten, and straw, mid-13c Relinquary, late 12c Illuminated Manuscripts Printed Psaltar Gregorian Chant Medieval Embroidery The Bayeux Tapestry, 11c Late Medieval Art Á St. Francis’ Rule Approved Á Giotto Á 1288-92? Á Tempera on wood and ground gold. The Crucifixion Á Giotto Á 1305 Á Tempera on wood and ground gold.